Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic neighborhood of Bradyrhizobium sp

Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic neighborhood of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1417 in a 16S rRNA sequence based tree. This strain clusters closest to Bradyrhizobium canariense LMG 22265T and Bradyrhizobium japonicum LMG 6138T with 99.85% selleck chemicals llc and 99.48% sequence identity, respectively. Figure 1 Images of Bradyrhizobium sp strain WSM1417 using scanning (Left) and transmission (Center) electron microscopy as well as light microscopy to visualize colony morphology on a solid medium (Right). Table 1 Classification and general features of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1417 according to the MIGS recommendations [11,12]. Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1417 (shown in blue print) with some of the root nodule bacteria in the order Rhizobiales based on aligned sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (1,334 bp internal region).

All sites … Symbiotaxonomy Bradyrhizobium sp. WSM1417 is poorly effective on L. angustifolius, producing only 45% of the dry matter compared to that achieved by the commercial inoculant strain Bradyrhizobium sp. WSM471 on this species. In contrast on L. mutabilis, WSM1417 performs much better, yielding 83% of the dry matter produced by WSM471 on this same host. Genome sequencing and annotation information Genome project history This organism was selected for sequencing on the basis of its environmental and agricultural relevance to issues in global carbon cycling, alternative energy production, and biogeochemical importance, and is part of the Community Sequencing Program at the U.S.

Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute (JGI) for projects of relevance to agency missions. The genome project is deposited in the Genomes OnLine Database [22] and an improved-high-quality-draft genome sequence in IMG. Sequencing, finishing and annotation were performed by the JGI. A summary of the project information is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Genome sequencing project information for Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1417. Growth conditions and DNA isolation Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1417 was grown to mid logarithmic phase in TY rich medium [23] on a gyratory shaker at 28��C. DNA was isolated from 60 mL of cells using a CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) bacterial genomic DNA isolation method [24]. Genome sequencing and assembly The genome of Bradyrhizobium sp.

strain WSM1417 was sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) using a combination of Illumina [25] and 454 technologies [26]. An Illumina GAii shotgun library which generated 82,690,654 reads totaling 6,284.5 Mb, and a paired end 454 library with an average insert size of 10 kb which generated 770,255 reads totaling 144.4 Mb of 454 data were generated for this genome. All general aspects of library construction and sequencing performed at the JGI Brefeldin_A can be found at the JGI website [24]. The initial draft assembly contained 2 contigs in 1 scaffold. The 454 paired end data was assembled with Newbler, version 2.3.

In the same regard, whereas specific responses are necessary for

In the same regard, whereas specific responses are necessary for IRIS, unspecific mechanisms http://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html such as innate mediators [5,33] may also be recruited depending on the manifestation. Consistent with the concept of characteristic mediators of particular IRIS forms, increased percentages of blood CD8+ T cells specifically predict mycobacterial IRIS [16]. In the present study, we report that in patients that develop tuberculous IRIS, CD8+ T cells have a markedly increased naive subpopulation, in which an expansion of activated cells coincides with the manifestation of TB IRIS. An expansion of naive CD8+ T cells and a later decrease in EM CD8+ T cells were unique to TB IRIS patients during part of the follow-up period. A possible explanation to this observation could be migration of EM CD8+ T cells to inflamed tissues.

Although cellular responses to M. tuberculosis antigens are commonly detected through class II MHC presentation to CD4+ T cells [34], CD8+ T cells also take part in the specific response to M. tuberculosis infection [35-39], even in the absence of CD4+ T cell activity [40]. In this regard, CD8+ T cell recruitment to the lung has been demonstrated in animal tuberculosis models [41], and by the presence of CD8+ T cells in pleural effusions from patients with active tuberculosis [42]. Verification of this possibility will require the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis- specific cells at the inflamed tissues of persons with TB IRIS. In any case, the expansion of naive CD8+ T cells in TB IRIS patients could reflect a homeostatic response to EM CD8+ T cell recruitment and turnover [43] and not necessarily specific responses against M.

tuberculosis. HAART normally decreases the frequency of CD38+ HLADR+ (activated) T cells [44,45]. However, we found an expansion of CD38+ HLADR+ CD8+ T cells, particularly naive CD8+ T cells, peaking during the presentation of TB IRIS episodes. The frequency of activated CD38+ HLADR+ CD8+ T cells is a strong independent predictor of HIV disease progression [46,47] and is related to inflammation in chronic HIV infection [48]. Although no mechanistic link is demonstrated here, our findings pose the question of whether activation is a driver or a consequence of IRIS and whether the control of activation might prevent IRIS [8]. Of importance, even though TB IRIS patients started HAART with a higher absolute count of total naive CD8+ T cells (Figure 1A), only the counts of their HLADR+ CD38+ fraction expanded after HAART (Figure 4E). The absolute counts of this activated fraction of naive CD8+ T cells did not differ before treatment (week 0). Therefore, the observed increase is not reflecting basal differences, but rather, a real expansion Cilengitide of HLADR+ CD38+ naive CD8+ T cells.

The effect of temperature on the product was studied at different

The effect of temperature on the product was studied at different temperatures. The colored product was stable in the temperature range of 0.0�C35��C. At higher temperatures, the drug concentration is increased selleck screening library on prolonged heating due to volatile nature of chloroform. As a result, the absorbance value of the colored products was increased. However, the resultant product was stable for more than 6 h at 25 �� 5��C. The validity of the method for the assay of tablets was determined. The percentage recovery experiments revealed good accuracy of the data. There is no need for the separation of soluble excipients present in marketed tablets as the results were always reproducible equivalent to the labeled contents of the preparations. The recovery results of the proposed method were well agreed with the reported RP-HPLC method for gemifloxacin tablets.

[12] The proposed method has been found to be new, accurate, simple, economic, sensitive, precise, and convenient and is suitable for routine analysis in a laboratory. It can be used in the determination of gemifloxacin in bulk drugs and its pharmaceutical preparations in a routine manner. The results were calculated and reported by utilizing the Smiths Statistical Package (SSP) software. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are thankful to Sigma Aldrich, Mumbai, India, for providing the pure gemifloxacin sample. The authors also thank the Chairman, Dadhichi College of Pharmacy, Odisha, India, for providing facilities to carry out this work. Footnotes Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Paracetamol (PARA) is chemically N-(4 hydroxyphenyl) acetamide.[1,2] It is used mainly as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is official in the Indian Pharmacopeia[3] [Figure 1]. Nabumetone (NAB) is chemically 4-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) butan-2-one. It is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It is official in the United States Pharmacopoeia.[4] Several methods are reported for the individual estimation of PARA and NAB.[5�C7] For PARA, other methods are reported like spectrophotometrically,[8] High Performance GSK-3 Liquid Chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV)[9] individually and in combination with other drugs. Literature survey also reveals methods like spectrophotometrically,[10] Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS),[11] and HPLC[12] for estimation of nabumetone individually and in combination with other drugs. No ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method is reported for the simultaneous estimation of PARA and NAB area under curve method (AUC). This paper describes the development and validation of a method to simultaneously quantify PARA and NAB by AUC in bulk and tablet dosage form.

The technique of closure of the appendiceal

The technique of closure of the appendiceal selleck chem Tofacitinib stump in LA varies greatly. Usually, a noninversion of the appendiceal stump is performed in conventional three-trocar LA. This circumstance could explain a higher rate of intraabdominal abscess in conventional LA. Since the introduction of SPA in mid-2005 at our department, the appendiceal stump is ligated, inverted, and closed by one z-shaped suture. As reported earlier [6], we encountered 6 cases of intraabdominal abscess after SPA. All of them occurred in obese children (BMI > 95th percentile) with perforated appendicitis. In four of them, the surgeon carried out a lavage of the peritoneal cavity with saline. Despite a controversial discussion in the literature [15, 16], we hypothesize that the saline lavage may be responsible for bacterial spread throughout the abdomen and the cause of intraabdominal abscess.

Due to this experience, we only perform suction of the abdominal fluid collections and no more lavage. A review of the literature shows no significant difference in the incidence of intraabdominal abscess when comparing the suture technique with endoloop and stapler to endoloop only for appendiceal stump closure [17]. But there is a noteworthy difference with regards to the cost. The decision as to which LA-technique to use depends on its safety and cost. In our opinion, SPA joins the safety of OA (i.e., dissection under direct view) and the advantages of conventional LA (i.e., small skin incision and visibility of the entire abdominal cavity). Different ways to close the appendiceal stump exist such as stapler, clips, endoloop, or endobag [18].

In contrast to several reports of single-port or single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy [19], techniques that involve special trocar, and multiple instruments [20], our SPA-technique requires only one trocar (USD 172) and one conventional laparoscopic instrument and does not necessitate the use of expensive equipment such as retrieval pouch. Regarding these facts, our SPA-technique is less expensive than conventional three-trocar LA reported elsewhere [21, 22]. Closing the appendiceal stump using two 3/0 vicryl RB-1 sutures (USD 15) is 5.9 times less costly than by endoloop and 18.4 times less costly than by stapler. Our median operating time of 55min. was slightly higher than those reported in the literature [22], which is related to our learning curve.

Especially in complicated appendicitis, the operative time was higher than 55 min., as reported Brefeldin_A in the literature [23]. Safety of surgical techniques is one of the primary concerns in the literature; the safety of a surgical technique is characterized by its rate of complications. Table 1 displays the main outcomes of a review of the literature concerning laparoscopic-assisted single-port appendectomy.

6 Results 6 1 Patient Characteristics Forty-one patients with s

6. Results 6.1. Patient Characteristics Forty-one patients with stage III/IV prolapse underwent RASCP between December 2008 and March 2010. The first 20 patients were performed exclusively by the attending surgeon (Group I) and the following 21 patients’ surgeries were performed by urology NSC639966 or gynecology residents (group 2). Overall, the mean age was 61.5 (15) years and mean BMI was 28.6 (12.7) kg/m2. Both groups were comparable regarding their age, ethnicity, and BMI. Stage and history of prior prolapse and incontinence surgery were similar between groups. Eighty-three percent of patients’ surgeries were menopausal. Selected comorbidities were present in 12 patients (9 in group 1 and 3 in group 2; P = 0.033). Patients’ characteristics were summarized in (Table 1).

Table 1 Patient/clinical demographics overall and by group, P value is comparison between groups. 6.2. Intraoperative Outcomes Concomitant procedures were performed in 36 (88%) patients. When comparing operative outcome measures, there was no significant difference in OR time, procedure time, estimated blood loss, and PACU time between the two groups (Table 2). In addition, bladder perforation was encountered in 1 (2%) of patients of group 1. It was recognized and adequately repaired intraoperatively without adverse sequelae. Vaginal wall was accidentally opened in one patient of group 2 due to extremely thin vagina and was sutured with adequate reapproximation. Table 2 Surgical outcomes overall and by group. 6.3. Postoperative Outcomes Postoperative complications are described in Table 2.

One patient in group 2 developed postoperative cuff dehiscence and was diagnosed 6 weeks postoperatively during routine postoperative follow-up visit. The vaginal cuff was revisited and adequately sutured under general anesthesia. One patient in group 1 required blood transfusion due to anemia secondary to chronic hemorrhoids in the postoperative period. Two patients in group 1 and one patient in group 2 were readmitted to the hospital for surgical repair of a vaginal mesh extrusion. Mesh extrusion is defined as any vaginal mesh exposure during the follow up period. All erosions were managed by freshening the edges and closing the vaginal defect. One patient required excision of a portion of the exposed mesh. Vaginal estrogen cream was offered to all patients after surgery.

Three patients in group 1 developed postoperative urinary tract infection and were properly treated with antibiotics. Prolapse recurrence was reported in one patient of group 1 where the anterior vaginal wall was prolapsed to the level Brefeldin_A of the hymen. This patient underwent vaginal McCall culdoplasty. One patient in group 2 was complicated by postoperative ileus diagnosed with a CT scan. The patient was managed conservatively and showed a significant improvement on day 6 where she was discharged.

Overall, most composites demonstrated an increase in hardness val

Overall, most composites demonstrated an increase in hardness values after 24 hours, which was followed by a decrease in hardness after three months of storage. Only a few exceptions were observed, as shown in Figure 1. Despite the observed trends, the differences remained not nothing significant for most composite-LCU combinations. Our results are in agreement with previous studies, which have shown that there is typically an increase in hardness values during the first 24 hours following polymerization.[47] After three months, a decrease in hardness values was seen for most composite-LCU combinations, which was more noticeable for some materials. The same aging conditions affected the stability of the polymer network of the various composite-LCU combinations differently, perhaps based on the extent of their initial cross-linking.

These results also remained not significant and only a few exceptions of increased hardness values after three months were observed. Heliomolar polymerized with halogen was the only combination that showed a significant increase in hardness values after three months relative to both baseline and 24 hours. Future studies should explore the presence of correlations between initial hardness values and the rate at which composite materials degrade over time. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the following can be concluded: When delivering equivalent energy densities, polymerization with the halogen or LED did not have a significant effect in microhardness values either at baseline or after 24 hours.

After three months, a significant effect of the LCU was evident with significantly higher hardness values when all composites were polymerized with the halogen. A significant effect of the type of composite on the microhardness values was shown at all testing periods, irrespective of the LCU. Significant interactions between the composite and LCU were also evident at baseline and after three months, indicating that the surface hardness of the composites was dependent on the type of LCU used for polymerization. Footnotes Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common complication of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) in patients with cancer.[1] The incidence of OM varies according to the type of cancer and treatment modality.

Use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most common causes of OM. Grade 3-4 mucositis, which results in delay, dose reduction, or discontinuation of CT, occurs in more than 15% of cases during 5-FU administration.[2] OM is characterized by erythematous, erosive, and ulcerative lesions in the oral cavity. The severity Brefeldin_A of mucositis varies from lesions with few symptoms to severe ulcers and pain that result in lower quality of life and/or death.

210, p=0 007; r2=0 113, p=0 03), this relationship was not observ

210, p=0.007; r2=0.113, p=0.03), this relationship was not observed in the HCV-infected patients (r2=0.040, p=0.20; fda approved r2=0.046, p=0.33). Finally, no differences in either HMOX activity or HMOX expression between SVR and non-SVR patients were detected. Correlation between BLVRA and HMOX mRNA Levels in the Liver and PBL, and HCV RNA in PBL and Liver Tissue No significant differences in pretreatment expression of BLVRA in the liver were found between SVR (n=18) and non-SVR patients (n=4) (0.35��0.24 vs. 0.34��0.24 p=0.97) most likely because of high variability of BLVRA expression in the liver compared to PBL. BLVRA expression, but not that of HMOX1/HMOX2, in the liver and PBL of HCV-infected patients were in direct relationship (n=13, r2=0.347, p=0.03).

No correlation was found between the mRNA levels of HMOX1/HMOX2/BLVRA and HCV RNA in the liver and PBL. Discussion Because of the side effects and high costs of current antiviral therapy, it is very important to identify those markers that can discriminate among those patients who will respond to the standard treatment. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying the responsiveness to antiviral treatment among HCV-infected individuals have yet to be completely identified. Enzymes of the heme catabolic pathway seem to belong to such promising markers. In fact, Zhu and coworkers [32] recently provided a plausible mechanism for the antiviral activity of HMOX1, demonstrating that the direct product of its activity, biliverdin, potently inhibits viral replication at biologically relevant concentrations in human hepatoma Huh-7.

5 cells replicating HCV RNA, most likely via inhibition of HCV NS3/4A protease. In the current study, we prospectively investigated HMOX activity, as well as HMOX1 expression in HCV-infected patients. Surprisingly, no difference in mRNA expression of HMOX1 in PBL was found between therapeutically na?ve HCV patients and controls, although the total HMOX activity in PBMC was significantly decreased in HCV patients before treatment, compared to the control group. Furthermore, a correlation between the expression of HMOX1, HMOX2, and total HMOX activity was only detected in the control samples; not in the HCV-infected patients. In fact, interference of HCV with HMOX1 induction [33], reduced hepatic expression of HMOX1 both in vitro and in vivo in HCV infection [8]; additionally, induced hepatic HMOX1 expression in vitro were reported [17].

We hypothesized that HMOX and BLVRA gene expression in PBL can reflect their expression in the liver. In our study, due to unavailability of liver specimens of control subjects, correlation between the liver and PBL could be analyzed only in HCV patients. No association of HMOX1/HMOX2 expression was Carfilzomib found between the liver and PBL, and HMOX1/HMOX2/BLVRA and HCV RNA in the liver and PBL.

These results show that total NNAL is not only an exposure biomar

These results show that total NNAL is not only an exposure biomarker for the lung carcinogen NNK but also a risk biomarker for lung cancer (Church et al., 2008). Some of these biomarkers were used to assess the role of cigarette reduction as a potential method selleck chemical to reduce tobacco toxicant exposure and perhaps disease risk (Hatsukami et al., 2005; Hecht, Carmella, et al., 2004; Hecht, Murphy, et al., 2004). Smokers were recruited and asked to systematically decrease their cigarette intake by 75%; levels of total NNAL and 1-HOP and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Statistically significant reductions in lung carcinogen uptake and cardiovascular risk factors were observed with cigarette reduction. However, the observed decreases were generally modest, due to compensatory smoking, and sometimes transient.

In animal studies, compensatory nicotine self-administration (NSA) was observed when duration of access to nicotine or nicotine dose was reduced (Harris, Burroughs, Pentel, & LeSage, 2008), and lower baseline self-administration was a strong predictor of greater compensation. In a clinical trial that compared cigarette reduction and cessation among smokers who had cardiovascular disease but were not interested in quitting, smoking reduction failed to improve clinical and biological markers of cardiac disease (Joseph et al., 2008). These results suggest that cigarette reduction does no harm but is not likely to provide any health benefits or may not necessarily lead to greater cessation than a simple message to quit.

Other studies examined whether modified cigarettes or smokeless tobacco (ST) or switching cigarette smokers to ST would lead to significant reductions in toxicant exposure compared with medicinal nicotine products. These studies showed (a) no difference in levels of total NNAL, 1-HOP, and cotinine in smokers of regular, light, and ultra-light cigarettes, respectively, which is consistent with epidemiological studies showing that these cigarettes do not lead to reduced risk for cancer (Hecht et al., 2005); (b) significant but only modest reductions in carcinogen exposure when smokers switched from conventional to modified reduced carcinogen cigarettes (Hatsukami et al., 2004); (c) a significant reduction in carcinogens when ST users switched from a conventional U.S. product to Swedish snus (Hatsukami et al.

) GSK-3 and when smokers switched to Swedish snus or tobacco lozenge (Mendoza-Baumgart et al., 2007); and (d) the greatest reductions occurring with medicinal nicotine products. These studies support the concept of a continuum of risk associated with different types of nicotine-containing products (Hatsukami et al., 2007). ST products may hold some promise for tobacco harm reduction, although medicinal nicotine products clearly lead to less toxicant exposure.

For example, overexpression of the EGFR agonist transforming grow

For example, overexpression of the EGFR agonist transforming growth factor alpha (TGF��) in mice causes hepatic hyperplasia and tumour Ponatinib molecular weight formation [21,22], and EGFR is upregulated in a majority of human hepatocarcinomas [23]. Inhibition of the EGFR by antibodies or tyrosine kinase blockers can attenuate the growth of hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro [24,25], and are currently being tested in clinical trials in hepatocarcinomas [26]. Prostaglandins, acting through different receptors of the GPCR family, regulate many cellular functions [27]. In epithelial cells, prostaglandins often enhance proliferation and survival, and several lines of evidence implicate them in oncogenesis [28]. In many tumours, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which catalyze the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis, are overexpressed, and the levels of prostaglandins, notably prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are elevated [28-31].

In hepatocytes, PGE2 and other prostaglandins enhance DNA synthesis [15,32-34], and COX-2 is overexpressed in many hepatocarcinomas [35,36]. In the study presented here we examined the Morris hepatocarcinoma cell line MH1C1, which was chosen due to its responsiveness to both EGF and the prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2��, and investigated the interaction between the pathways mediated by prostaglandin receptors and EGFR. We previously observed that while there was no evidence of transactivation of EGFR induced by prostaglandins or other GPCR agonists in hepatocytes, PGE2 induced phosphorylation of the EGFR in the MH1C1 cells [37,38]. We have now investigated further the signalling mechanisms involved in this effect.

Methods Chemicals Dulbecco��s Modified Eagle’s Medium, Dulbecco��s phosphate-buffered saline, William��s Medium E, glutamine, and Pen-Strep (10.000 U/ml) were from Lonza(Verviers, Belgium). HEPES was from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). Dexamethasone, insulin, bovine serum albumin, collagen (type I, rat tail), prostaglandin F2�� (Tris salt) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO). GF109203X ([2-[1-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-male-imide]) and GM6001/Galardin (N-[(2R)-2 (hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-L-tryptophan methylamide) were from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA). Gefitinib was a gift from AstraZeneca (Cheshire, UK). [6-3H]thymidine (20�C30Ci/mmol) and myo-[2-3H]inositol (15.

0Ci/mmol) were from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA). AL8810 (9��,15R-dihydroxy-11��-fluoro-15-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic acid),L161982 (N-[[4'-[[3-butyl-1,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]methyl][1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]sulfonyl]-3-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxamide), GSK-3 (+)fluprostenol, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI).

In conclusion, our data show that nilotinib effectively inhibits

In conclusion, our data show that nilotinib effectively inhibits Sorafenib Raf-1 HCC growth in vitro and in vivo through autophagy induction that is mediated by the PP2A-AMPK signaling pathway. This study suggests nilotinib-induced cytotoxicity occurs through a novel mechanism, and supports its clinical potential as a component of therapeutic strategies for HCC. *This work was supported by Grants NTUH 101P01 (to K.-F. C.) from the National Taiwan University Hospital and NSC99-2314-B-002-017-MY2 (to K.-F. C.), and NSC101-2325-B-002-032 (to K.-F. C.) from the National Science Council, Taiwan. 2The abbreviations used are: HCC hepatocellular carcinoma AMPK 5�� adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase PP2A protein phosphatase 2A CIP2A cancerous inhibitor of PP2A PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PDK1 phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase dependent 1 PARP poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase s.

c. subcutaneous PME PP2A methyltransferase HCQ hydroxychloroquine 3-MA 3-methyladenine.
AIM: To evaluate the association between HLA-DRB1 alleles and Han and Uyghur ulcerative colitis (UC) patients residing in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. METHODS: In this study, 102 UC patients (53 Han including 22 men and 31 women, and 49 Uyghur patients including 25 men and 24 women; aged 48.07 �� 15.83 years) and 310 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the Department of Gastroenterology, Xinjiang People��s Hospital of China from January 2010 to May 2011. UC was diagnosed based on the clinical, endoscopic and histological findings following Lennard-Jones criteria.

Blood samples were collected and genomic DNA was extracted by routine laboratory methods, and both polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing were used to identify HLA-DRB1 allele variants. The potential association between genetic variation and UC in Han and Uyghur patients was examined. There were no statistical differences in HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies in Han UC patients. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the sex ratio between the controls and UC patients (P = 0.740). In Han patients with UC (n = 53), HLA-DRB1 *03, *13 allele frequencies were lower than in healthy controls (n = 161), but not statistically significant, and HLA-DRB1*04*11*14 allele frequencies were higher than in healthy controls, but without statistical significance.

Differences between Uyghur UC patients and the control AV-951 group were observed for HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA-DRB1*13, both showed a greater frequency in UC patients (10.21% vs 2.69%, P = 0.043; 14.29% vs 4.03%, P = 0.019). HLA-DRB1*14 also showed a greater frequency in UC patients (14.29% vs 2.69%, P = 0.006). The frequencies of DRB1*04, *13*14 alleles were increased in Uyghur UC patients compared with normal controls. The frequency of DRB1 * 08 was decreased in Uyghur UC patients compared with normal controls. HLA-DRB1 alleles showed no association with UC in Han patients.