Host penetration by biotrophic mycoparasites is believed to be mediated by both mechanical and enzymatic mechanisms; strict regulation of chitinase and chitosanase lytic enzymes is a reported characteristic EX 527 in vivo of biotrophs (Manocha, 1987). In contrast to the F. graminearum 3-ADON chemotype, 15-ADON co-cultured with S. mycoparasitica formed irregular mycelia, leading to the morphological hyphae alteration or formation hyphal ‘rosettes’ at the contact zone. Similarly, deformation of mycelia and hyphae has been observed in F. oxysporum pathogens challenged with antagonistic bacteria (Chaurasia et al., 2005). To date, no biotrophic mycoparasitic fungi have been reported

to suppress F. graminearum growth or to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in kernels, food and feed.

Further studies are underway to show the direct effect of mycoparasite on mycotoxin accumulation and to use S. mycoparasitica as a potential biocontrol agent for managing F. graminearum toxigenic chemotypes. Finally, this is the first report of the ability of S. mycoparasitica to parasitize and hinder the growth of F. graminearum 3- and 15-ADON hosts, as well as to decrease trichothecene gene accumulation. Specific differences in S. mycoparasitica interaction with 3- and 15-ADON chemotypes are the subject of ongoing research. This research was financially PD184352 (CI-1040) supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant, and the Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund (ADF) to V.V. and a Departmental Devolved this website Scholarship to Y.K.G. “
“A Phoma sp. was isolated and characterized as endophytic and as a pathogen of Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) growing in the desert region of southern Utah, USA. This fungus produces a unique mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including

a series of sesquiterpenoids, some alcohols and several reduced naphthalene derivatives. Trans-caryophyllene, a product in the fungal VOCs, was also noted in the VOCs of this pungent plant. The gases of Phoma sp. possess antifungal properties and is markedly similar to that of a methanolic extract of the host plant. Some of the test organisms with the greatest sensitivity to the Phoma sp. VOCs were Verticillium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora and Sclerotinia while those being the least sensitive were Trichoderma, Colletotrichum and Aspergillus. We discuss the possible involvement of VOC production by the fungus and its role in the biology/ecology of the fungus/plant/environmental relationship with implications for utilization as an energy source. Cresote bush, Larrea tridentata, is a prominent plant in the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts of North America.

Host penetration by biotrophic mycoparasites is believed to be mediated by both mechanical and enzymatic mechanisms; strict regulation of chitinase and chitosanase lytic enzymes is a reported characteristic selleck chemical of biotrophs (Manocha, 1987). In contrast to the F. graminearum 3-ADON chemotype, 15-ADON co-cultured with S. mycoparasitica formed irregular mycelia, leading to the morphological hyphae alteration or formation hyphal ‘rosettes’ at the contact zone. Similarly, deformation of mycelia and hyphae has been observed in F. oxysporum pathogens challenged with antagonistic bacteria (Chaurasia et al., 2005). To date, no biotrophic mycoparasitic fungi have been reported

to suppress F. graminearum growth or to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in kernels, food and feed.

Further studies are underway to show the direct effect of mycoparasite on mycotoxin accumulation and to use S. mycoparasitica as a potential biocontrol agent for managing F. graminearum toxigenic chemotypes. Finally, this is the first report of the ability of S. mycoparasitica to parasitize and hinder the growth of F. graminearum 3- and 15-ADON hosts, as well as to decrease trichothecene gene accumulation. Specific differences in S. mycoparasitica interaction with 3- and 15-ADON chemotypes are the subject of ongoing research. This research was financially Meloxicam supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant, and the Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund (ADF) to V.V. and a Departmental Devolved check details Scholarship to Y.K.G. “
“A Phoma sp. was isolated and characterized as endophytic and as a pathogen of Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) growing in the desert region of southern Utah, USA. This fungus produces a unique mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including

a series of sesquiterpenoids, some alcohols and several reduced naphthalene derivatives. Trans-caryophyllene, a product in the fungal VOCs, was also noted in the VOCs of this pungent plant. The gases of Phoma sp. possess antifungal properties and is markedly similar to that of a methanolic extract of the host plant. Some of the test organisms with the greatest sensitivity to the Phoma sp. VOCs were Verticillium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora and Sclerotinia while those being the least sensitive were Trichoderma, Colletotrichum and Aspergillus. We discuss the possible involvement of VOC production by the fungus and its role in the biology/ecology of the fungus/plant/environmental relationship with implications for utilization as an energy source. Cresote bush, Larrea tridentata, is a prominent plant in the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts of North America.

All strains were grown anaerobically at 30 °C for 48–72 h on PAB solid medium (Propionibacterium agar; per litre distilled water: casein peptone, 10 g tryptic digest, 5 g yeast extract, 10 g sodium lactate, 15 g agar, pH 7.0–7.2; DSMZ medium 91) or in PAB broth medium (as above but without agar). Bacterial cells were grown for 48–72 h in PAB broth medium (OD600 nm of 1.5–1.8), after which a 1.5-mL sample was centrifuged for 5 min at 17 000 g and the pelleted cells were washed twice with sterile 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.0. Cells were then resuspended

in 100 μL water, and sterile glass beads (0.10–0.11 mm; B. Braun Biotech International check details GmbH, Melsungen, Germany) in the proportion of 1 : 3 (glass beads to cell culture ratio) were added to the mixture. Cells were disintegrated in a Bead-Beater-8 (BioSpec Products Inc., Bartlesville, OK) by vigorous shaking for 40 s. The treatment was repeated after cooling the samples on ice for at least 15 s. After cell disintegration the mixture was resuspended in 100 μL sterile water and centrifuged

at 17 000 g for 5 min at room temperature. About 120 μL of the supernatant fraction was collected from each sample and kept on ice for aspartase activity measurement. For all strains, the protein content of cell-free extracts was determined according to the Bradford microprocedure (Biorad SA, Ivrysur-Seine, selleckchem France) using bovine serum albumin (Sigma, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France) as standard. Aspartase activity was determined by taking advantage of coupling the reactions for the conversion of aspartate to fumarate and ammonia, and α-ketoglutarate and ammonia to glutamate: For determination of aspartase activity, the protein concentration of the samples was adjusted to 0.5 mg mL−1 with distilled water. Standard solutions of NH4Cl were prepared at Hydroxychloroquine clinical trial 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol L−1. In the wells of a 96-well microtitre

plate, standards, samples and sample blanks were applied as follows: Standards: 10 μL of standard NH4Cl solution and 125 μL of solution Aa (10 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, 1 mL of 2 mg mL−1 MgCl2 and 2 mL of 86.5 mg mL−1 sodium l-aspartate. Samples: 10 μL of sample and 125 μL of solution Aa. Sample blanks: 10 μL of sample and 125 μL of solution Ab (10 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, 1 mL of 2 mg mL−1 MgCl2 and 2 mL of distilled water). After applying the standards, samples and sample blanks, the microtitre plate was sealed with plastic coating and incubated first at 30 °C for 30 min and then at 80 °C for 5 min to stop the first reaction. Next, the microtitre plate was centrifuged (3220 g at 20 °C for 10 min) in a swing-out rotor. Finally, 150 μL of solution B [2 mL of 90.4 mg mL−1α-ketoglutarate, 2 mL of 10.8 mg mL−1 ADP, 2 mL of 4 mg mL−1 NADH, 10 mL of 0.

2c), consistent with a critical role for turgor pressure in aerial growth, as previously suggested (Plaskitt & Chater, 1995). In contrast,

the wild type did form aerial structures, which, importantly, was accompanied by the secretion of SapB into the medium (Fig. 2d). We previously showed that the rodlin proteins are not essential for aerial growth under normal conditions (Claessen et al., 2002). Strikingly, development of the S. coelicolor strain lacking rdlA and rdlB was strongly delayed on minimal medium supplemented with sucrose (Fig. 3) or KCl (data not shown). In agreement, increased expression of the rodlin genes was observed in sucrose-containing minimal medium (Fig. S2). Development of the chpABCDH selleck chemicals mutant strain, p38 MAPK signaling lacking five of eight chaplin genes, was also delayed in sucrose-containing medium (Fig. 3). However, the presence of sucrose did not affect the transcript level of chpH (Fig. S2). Taken together, these data show that an intact rodlet layer is important for aerial growth under osmotic stress conditions. On the basis of our data, we propose the following model for aerial growth. At the moment differentiation is initiated, ChpE and ChpH are secreted into the medium. These chaplins assemble into an amphipathic film at the air–water interface. As a result, the water surface tension is dramatically reduced, enabling the growth of

hyphae into the air (Wösten et al., 1999). In a low osmolyte aqueous environment, the turgor pressure of hyphae is sufficient to enable hyphae to breach the chaplin film (Fig. 4a). However, in a high osmolyte aqueous environment, the turgor pressure is reduced and insufficient for hyphae to break through the chaplin film to Nabilone grow into the air. Possibly by intercalation, SapB may change the physical properties of the chaplin film, making it easier to breach. As a consequence, this would enable hyphae to grow

into the air, despite their lower turgor pressure (Fig. 4b and c). This model implies that SapB would also affect the properties of the chaplin film at the surface of the aerial hypha. However, rodlins that are secreted by the aerial hyphae align the chaplin fibrils into rodlets resulting in a rigid film. This rigid film may provide stability of the aerial hypha especially when the turgor pressure in the cell is reduced (Fig. 4d). We thank Hjalmer Permentier and Sander van Leeuwen for technical assistance with MALDI-TOF MS and Justin Nodwell for providing the ramS deletion mutant. This work was financially supported by grants from the Northern Netherlands collaboration initiative (SNN EZ/KOMPAS RM 119) and the Dutch Science Foundation NWO (project 816.02.009). D. Claessen is supported by a Marie Curie Reintegration grant (FP7-PEOPLE-ERG-230944). “
“Bacillus sphaericus has been used with great success in mosquito control programs worldwide.

It was therefore possible that the lack of derepression of the hcp selleck products promoter by externally added NO was due to compensating effects of NO-activated derepression by NsrR and loss of activation by FNR. To determine whether concentrations of NO used in the previous experiments were sufficient to nitrosylate the iron-sulphur centre of FNR and hence, to inactive it, an isogenic pair

of fnr+ parental and fnr mutant strains were transformed with two low copy number plasmids from which Phmp::lacZ or a synthetic promoter with a consensus FNR repression site was expressed. Relative to the untreated control, transcription activity at Phmp in the fnr+ strain had increased after 60 min by 24% in response to two additions of 5 μM NO, but there was a slightly greater response of 33% in the fnr mutant (Table 2). The response to NO at Phmp was therefore due to partial relief of NsrR repression rather than relief of FNR repression. Further control Selleck GSK126 experiments with the FNR-repressed but NsrR-independent promoter confirmed that there was no response to NO in either the fnr+ or fnr mutant strains even after further exposure of the cultures to NO, although transcription activity at this promoter

was almost fourfold higher in the absence of FNR repression, as expected (Table 2). The development of a β-galactosidase-based assay to detect NO-dependent relief of NsrR repression has enabled several controversies in the nitrosative stress literature to be clarified. First, although there is a growing consensus that from enteric bacteria produce NO mainly as a side product of the reduction of nitrite by NarGHI, some authors have proposed or assumed that NirBD or NrfAB are the major catalysts of NO formation. Data from the transcription response assay are consistent with the membrane-associated nitrate reductase, NarGHI, being the major enzyme involved in the conversion of nitrite to NO. However, nitrite still induced increased Phcp expression even in a narG mutant, suggesting that there must be at least one more protein that catalyses the conversion of

nitrite to NO. In contrast to NarG, the periplasmic nitrate reductase, NapA, contributes very little to NO generation. It is possible that this is a side activity of another molybdoprotein. Data in Table 2 also show that Phcp transcription is derepressed more by nitrite in mutants defective in ΔNirBD and NrfAB, presumably because more NO is generated in mutants defective in nitrite reduction to ammonia. This confirms the protective roles of these enzymes against nitrosative stress, but whether they are also minor sources of NO remains to be determined. An unexpected result was that NO added externally at the highest concentration that did not significantly prevent growth failed to relieve NsrR repression.

However, validation in prospective studies of the clinical phenotype, as well as determination of the cost effectiveness of such a screening strategy, as has been established for HLA-B*5701, needs to be undertaken. selleck products The authors would like to thank Wai-kit Chan of the Special Preventive Programme, Department of Health, for statistical support. Conflicts of interest: None of the authors has a conflict of interest to declare. “
“Sequencing analysis of the complete genome of Mycobacterium

tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv resulted in the identification of a novel multigene, the PE family of genes. The genes of the largest PE_PGRS subfamily of the PE family are mainly restricted to pathogenic mycobacteria, and their exact role in the

biology of Mtb is not clearly understood. Based on their sequence homology, PE_PGRS proteins were initially thought to serve common functions. However, studies on individual proteins reveal that the individual proteins of this subfamily could be AZD0530 concentration performing several unrelated tasks. In the present study, we investigated the function of PE_PGRS30 by expressing it in Mycobacterium smegmatis. PE_PGRS30 expression in M. smegmatis resulted in phenotypic changes with altered colony morphology and growth profile. The recombinant PE_PGRS30 showed polar localization and was found to be associated with the cell wall of M. smegmatis. Thus, the present study suggests that the prolonged lag phase of growth caused by the PE_PGRS30 may, in part, contribute to the latency of Mtb. The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis as a pathogen, is attributed to its slow growth and its ability to cause latent infection, which later turns into an active infection when host immunity weakens (Parrish et al., 1998). A true understanding of the biology of a pathogen is essential for the successful control of the disease. Sequencing analysis of the complete genome

of Mtb H37Rv revealed the existence of two novel, multigene families, the PE family and the PPE family, aminophylline accounting for ∼5% of the total coding capacity of the Mtb genome. The members of this gene family have been found to be present only in pathogenic mycobacteria (Singh et al., 2008). The genes of the PE family are characterized by a conserved amino-terminal domain (PE domain) with proline and glutamic acid residues at positions 8 and 9, respectively (Cole et al., 1998). Based on the domain composition, PE genes can be categorized into three classes, the largest class of which is the PE_PGRS subfamily, consisting of 61 members. The PE_PGRS (proline-glutamic acid_polymorphic GC-rich repetitive sequence) family contains genes in which the PE domain is linked at the C-terminus with a highly variable Gly-Ala-rich sequence (PGRS domain) (Lamichhane et al., 2003).

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all team-based and usual care physicians (attending physicians and medical residents) who worked on the participating clinical teaching unit or primary healthcare

teams during the study period. They were invited to complete an online version of the validated Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration Index (PPCI) survey at the end of the study. The main endpoint of interest was the mean total PPCI score. Only three (response rate 2%) of the usual care physicians responded and this prevented us from conducting pre-specified comparisons. A total of 23 team-based physicians completed the survey (36%) and reported a mean total PPCI score of 81.6 ± 8.6 out of a total MDV3100 ic50 of 92. Mean domain scores were highest for relationship initiation (14.0 ± 1.4 out of 15), and trustworthiness (38.9 ± 3.7 out of 42), followed by role specification (28.7 ± 4.3 out of 35). Pharmacists who are pursuing collaborative practice in inpatient settings may find the PPCI to be a meaningful tool to gauge the extent of collaborative working relationships with physician team members. “
“Objectives  This study sought to identify patients’ perceived drug knowledge, need for more information and drug information sources,

and how they varied by patient characteristics, particularly education level. Methods  A convenience sample of 366 adult patients was interviewed when leaving 20 Egyptian pharmacies after collecting a dispensed prescription. Ribonucleotide reductase Patients were asked about their (1) perceived knowledge of their drugs’ purpose, (2) use of package inserts (PIs) to learn about side CSF-1R inhibitor effects, contraindications and drug interactions, (3) perceived need to know more about their drugs and (4) general sources of drug information beyond healthcare providers. Key findings  More than 30% of the patients reported that they did not know the purpose of at least one of their drugs and only read PIs selectively. Whereas 36% read about drug interactions, more reported reading about side effects (65%) and contraindications (60%) in PIs. Sixty-nine

per cent of patients reported that they needed more information about their drugs. This was true for 86.8% of patients with limited education compared to 48.5% of university graduates. University graduates reported using PI topics, newspapers, internet, TV and family and friends as sources of drug information at significantly higher rates than did patients with lower levels of education. Conclusion  There is a need for healthcare professionals to evaluate patient comprehension and needs for drug information, especially for patients with less schooling. Healthcare providers should also consider other information sources that a patient is using. “
“Objective  Antiretroviral therapy requires strict adherence to ensure therapeutic success.

Comparison studies with NCBI blastx program resulted significant similarities to Caulobacter phage φCd1, Ralstonia phage φRSB1,

Pseudomonas phage LKA1, Pseudomonas phage LKD16, Pseudomonas phage φKMV, Pantoea phage LIMEzero, Acinetobacter phage φAB1, and Klebsiella phage KP34. The analysis of the relationships between these phages and Bf7, with CoreGenes3.1 program at stringency setting 75, using threshold value of 40% orthologous proteins (Lavigne et al. 2008), resulted that φCd1, φRSB1, LKA1, LKD16, and φKMV are closely related (Table 3). Compared with the other members of the φKMV-like phages genus, the G+C content is lower, but the Bf7 phage’s genome size is nearly similar to the others. Known genome sizes are 41 593, 43 200, 42 519, and 43 079 bp for LKA1, LKD16, φKMV Pseudomonas aerginosa phages, and φRSB1 Ralstonia solanacearum selleck phage,

respectively (Lavigne et al., 2003; Ceyssens et al., 2006; Kawasaki et al., Ponatinib supplier 2009). In the case of the Caulobacter phage φCd1, the estimated genome size is 41 581 bp without terminal repeats (Kropinski et al., 2010). Among the 46 predicted proteins, 26 were hypothetical ones, some of them could be assigned with hypothetical proteins, and some did not show any other similarities (Table 4). In case of 17 proteins, we could estimate putative and real functions (Table 4). This work was supported by the Hungarian National Office for Research and Technology (grant numbers: JAP OM-00136/2007, ALGOLABH OMFB-00356/2010). “
“The cell wall is responsible for cell integrity and the maintenance of cell shape in bacteria. The Gram-positive bacterial cell wall consists of a thick peptidoglycan layer located on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. Bacterial cell membranes, like eukaryotic cell membranes, are known Buspirone HCl to contain domains of specific lipid and protein

composition. Recently, using the membrane-binding fluorescent dye FM4-64, helix-like lipid structures extending along the long axis of the cell and consisting of negatively charged phospholipids were detected in the rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus subtilis. It was also shown that the cardiolipin-specific dye, nonyl acridine orange (NAO), is preferentially distributed at the cell poles and in the septal regions in both Escherichia coli and B. subtilis. These results suggest that phosphatidylglycerol is the principal component of the observed spiral domains in B. subtilis. Here, using the fluorescent dyes FM4-64 and NAO, we examined whether these lipid domains are linked to the presence of cell wall peptidoglycan. We show that in protoplasted cells, devoid of the peptidoglycan layer, helix-like lipid structures are not preserved.

Frequency difference limens were determined on two successive days with a median time of 22 h between sessions (range = 18–24 h). On Day 1, one group (n = 7) was given anodal tDCS over right auditory cortex and another group (n = 8) was given sham stimulation over the same region. The subjects were randomly assigned to either tDCS or sham stimulation groups and were blind to the existence of a sham

group until completion of testing. On Day 2, DLFs were determined in the same way as on Day 1 but without any tDCS for either group. DLFs were determined using an adaptive two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice (2I-2AFC) task with a two-down, one-up rule estimating the 70.7% point on the psychometric function (Levitt, 1971). One interval, selected at random, contained a 1000-Hz tone (the standard) and the other interval contained NVP-BKM120 in vitro a tone with a frequency of 1000 + Δf Hz (the comparison). Tones were 100 ms long with 20-ms cosine rise/fall ramps, and were separated by a 500-ms interstimulus interval. The observation intervals were indicated by the numerals ‘1’

and ‘2’, which appeared successively on a computer screen coincident with the observation intervals. Subjects indicated the interval MLN8237 containing the comparison tone by clicking the left or right button on a mouse to indicate the first or second interval respectively. Response feedback (illumination of a green or red light on the screen) was given immediately after the response. Following Hawkey et al. (2004), the initial frequency increment for the comparison stimulus (Δf) was 200 Hz. For the first six trials in each track, Δf was halved after two correct responses and doubled following an incorrect response; after the sixth trial, Δf was divided by √2 following two correct responses and multiplied by √2 after an incorrect response. Blocks of 180 trials were made up of three interleaved 60-trial tracks, with each track yielding an independent frequency discrimination threshold. Three 180-trial blocks were completed each day, with a self-paced break (typically < 1 min) between successive blocks. DLFs were calculated for each track as the geometric mean of Δf for the

last eight reversals and for each block as the geometric mean of DLFs obtained from each of the Methamphetamine three tracks (Hawkey et al., 2004). Response times were measured as the time (in ms) between the onset of the second tone and the response. Median response times were calculated for each track and response times for each block were taken as the geometric mean of the three tracks. Both DLFs and response times were positively skewed and were subject to natural logarithmic transformation for analysis; back-transformed values are reported. All stimuli were presented 20 dB above each subject’s absolute threshold, which was determined immediately before testing each day with a 2I-2AFC procedure using a three-up, one-down rule to estimate a 79.

2 While several feasibility studies have explored the views of community pharmacists and their clients receiving screening and ABIs, there are no data on the perspectives of the general public. The aim of this research was to determine the views of the general public in

Scotland on the involvement of community pharmacists in advising on safer drinking. A draft questionnaire was developed, tested for face and content validity and piloted. The final version comprised seven sections: different health professions who could advise on safer drinking (12 items); issues related to safer drinking selleck products on which pharmacists could advise (14 items); attitudes towards pharmacist involvement (10 items); the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST, 4 items); recommended drinking limits (5 items); health services utility (7 items); and demographics (6 items). Closed questions and 5-point Likert scale attitudinal statements were used. The questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of

6000 members of the general public (aged ≥18 years) in Scotland obtained from the electoral roll (Nov 2011). Up to two reminders were sent to non-respondents at monthly intervals. Data were LY2606368 in vivo entered into SPSS version 17.0 and analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics. This study was approved by the Ethics Panel of the School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences at Robert Gordon University; the study was exempt from NHS ethical review. In total, 1573 completed questionnaires were returned (adjusted response

rate of 26.6%). Mean respondent age was 56.6 years (SD 24.0); and 59% (970) were male. More than half (54.0%, 888) of respondents felt that pharmacists could advise on safer drinking (compared with doctors (88.1%, 1449), alcohol counsellors (86.3%, 1420) and dentists (20.0%, 329), and 484 respondents (29.4%) had a FAST score ≥3/16, indicative of harmful or hazardous drinking. There was no association between FAST score (≥3/16 v <3) and agreement regarding L-NAME HCl pharmacists advising on safer drinking (χ2, p = 0.16). Responses to attitudinal statements are given in Table 1. Table 1: Responses to attitudinal statements on aspects of pharmacists advising on safer drinking (n = 1573) Statement (number of missing responses) Strongly Agree/Agree % (n) Unsure % (n) Disagree/Strongly Disagree % (n) I would feel comfortable about discussing alcohol with a pharmacist (38) 48.6 (799) 15.9 (261) 28.9 (475) I would prefer to discuss alcohol with my doctor rather than a pharmacist (41) 74.1 (1219) 8.9 (147) 10.3 (166) I trust that pharmacists would discuss alcohol confidentially (37) 65.6 (1080) 21.6 (355) 6.1 (101) I feel confident that pharmacists could discuss how alcohol impacts health (32) 67.0 (1101) 17.6 (290) 9.1 (150) I would be concerned about my privacy in a pharmacy when discussing alcohol (32) 61.5 (1011) 13.3 (219) 18.9 (311) Results indicate support for community pharmacist involvement in advising on safer drinking.