Sofia et al. (2014) used the boxplot approach ( Tukey, 1977), and identified outliers as those

points verifying Eq. (3). equation(3) Cmax>QCmax3+1.5.IQRCmaxwhere C  max is given by Eq. (2), QCmax3 and IQRCmaxIQRCmax are the third quartile and the interquartile range of Cmax, respectively. Fig. 15 shows for the Lamole case study an example of a curvature map (b), the derived boxplot and the identified threshold (d), and the topographic features (∼terraces) derived after NVP-BEZ235 mw thresholding the map (c). This approach can be used for a first and rapid assessment of the location of terraces, particularly in land previously abandoned that might require management and renovation planning. This method could also offer a rapid tool to identify the areas of interest where management should be focused. The fourth example is an application of high-resolution topography derived from a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) for an experimental site in Lamole specifically designed to monitor a portion of a dry-stone wall. A centimetric survey of approximately 10 m of a terrace wall (Fig. 16a) was performed with a “time-of-fly” Terrestrial Laser Scanner System Riegl®

LMS-Z620. This laser scanner operates in the wavelength of the check details near infrared and provides a maximum measurement range of 2 km, with an accuracy of 10 mm and a speed of acquisition up to 11,000 pts/s. For each measured point, the system records the range, the horizontal and vertical alignment angles, and the backscattered signal amplitude. The laser scanner was integrated with a Nikon® D90 digital camera (12.9 Mpixel of resolution) equipped Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 with a 20 mm lens that provided an RGB value to the acquired point cloud (Fig. 16b). After a hand-made filtering of the vegetation, the topographic information was exported, flipping the order of the x, y, z values such that every point’s coordinates were exported as y, z, x. A front viewed 3D digital model of the retaining wall was generated by interpolating the x value with the natural neighbours

method ( Sibson, 1981) ( Fig. 16c). In the created wall model, with a resolution of 0.01 m, every single stone that compose the wall can be recognized ( Fig. 16c). This level of precision could allow simulation of the behaviour of the wall in response to back load with high detail and without many artefacts or approximations. These results underline the effectiveness of a centimetric resolution topography obtained from the TLS survey in the analysis of terrace failure, thus providing a useful tool for management of such a problem. Terraces are one of most evident landscape signatures of man. Land terracing is a clear example of an anthropic geomorphic process that has significantly reshaped the surface morphology.

According to the local authorities

and the landowners, channel geometries were and still are generally homogeneous over each property, being related to the trenchers used to build the channels. During the considered time span, for our study area, the trenchers measurements did not change, therefore we assumed that for the year 1954 and 1981 we could apply the same width for each sub-area as the one of the year 2006 (see next section). In addition to the agrarian CB-839 solubility dmso network storage capacity, for the year 1981 we considered also the urban drainage system and we added the culvert storage capacity. For the year 1954, this information was not available. For the year 2006, we applied the Cazorzi et al. (2013) methodology. This approach allows to evaluate semi-automatically the network drainage density (km/km2) and

storage capacity (m3/ha). Having a lidar DTM (in our study case a lidar DTM available publicly and already applied in other scientific studies i.e. Sofia et al., 2014a and Sofia et al., 2014b), it is possible to derive a morphological NVP-BEZ235 index called Relative Elevation Attribute (REA). This parameter represents local, small-scale elevation differences after removing the large-scale landscape forms from the data, and it is calculated by subtracting the original DTM from a smoothed DTM (Cazorzi et al., 2013). Through a thresholding approach based on the standard deviation of REA, the method allows to automatically extract a Boolean map of the drainage network. Starting

from this Boolean map, it is possible to characterize automatically for each extracted channel fragment its average width and length, and by applying some user-defined parameters it is possible to derive its average storage capacity. The measures of each channel fragment are then aggregated over each subarea, obtaining the drainage density and the storage capacity. The storage capacity strictly depends on the channel size. Agricultural drainage networks in the north east of Italy have a highly regular shape, connected to the digging techniques used to create the ditches. Based on this principle, the procedure by Cazorzi et al. (2013) requires the user to characterize Carbachol the channel shape by defining average measures of cross-section areas per width ranges. This classification is used as a conditional statement to calculate the storage capacity: if the extracted width is within one of the considered ranges, the procedure consider the user-defined cross sectional area for that range, and multiplies it for the extracted channel fragment length, obtaining an average storage capacity per extracted network fragment. To define a number of representative cross-sectional areas per specific width ranges, we conducted a field survey campaign, using DGPS, measuring the network widths and cross-sectional areas, and we found that (1) our data well overlap with the ones considered by Cazorzi et al. (2013) (Fig.

The hypothesis supposes that the perception of faces, especially emotional faces, activates neural systems usually predominantly lateralized Dasatinib to the right hemisphere (…), thereby driving attention to the contralateral, or left,

side of personal space. Left-side holding thus would be in the direction to which the holder’s attention has been endogenously directed by the act of engaging the infant.” (Harris et al., 2001, p. 160). More evidence for the attention hypothesis comes from Harris, Cárdenas, Spradlin, and Almerigi (2010) who did find a left visual hemispace bias for dolls but not for books and bags. The percentage of left-handers who prefer to hold an infant on the right-arm, however, is considerably higher when the task of holding has to be combined with a simple motor

task, thereby apparently overruling the face-lateralisation incentive to cradle on the left: Van Vorinostat in vivo der Meer and Husby (2006) found as many as 60.7% of the left-handed male and female participants in their study to cradle on the right-arm when asked to also give the “infant” (a doll in their study) a pacifier. Now, the side to which a mother prefers to have her infant during holding and care-taking is likely to determine the view an infant has of its mother’s face during much of the time it is awake and near her. That is, left-arm held infants will typically have a better view of the left side of their caregivers’ face than right-arm held infants (Hendriks, van Rijswijk, & Omtzigt, 2010). Because, normally, the Interleukin-2 receptor left side of a face reflects emotions more intensely than the right side (Christman and Hackworth, 1993 and Sackeim et al., 1978; Borod, St.Clair, Koff & Alpert, 1990; Borod, Haywood, & Koff, 1997), the left-held infant is likely to be provided with a higher quality input of this important information. Is it probable, however, that

the side on which an infant is habitually held can influence its face processing development? The answer to this question must depend largely on the way the infant is fed. Infants under three months of age, for instance, sleep fifteen to sixteen hours on average of each 24-h period (e.g. Michelsson et al., 1990, Walker and Menaheim, 1994 and Wooding et al., 1990). Infants of parents with a conventional Western style of caring, are left awake without contact for about two hours on average (St.James-Roberts et al., 2006, Table 2, London Community). Of the remaining six to seven wakeful contact hours each day, a substantial amount of time is spent on feeding (e.g. 4.1 h for a 10-day old infant; St.James-Roberts et al., 2006, Table 2). In other words, of the limited amount of time young infants are awake and in close proximity to a face most is spend on feeding. When an infant is breast-fed, it is regularly switched from one arm to the other, exposing the infants to two sides of the face about equally.

Though, it becomes more and more clear that coupling the PTO with the TTFL is essential under certain conditions, for example to gain synchronous oscillations in a population of growing cells ( Teng Belnacasan mouse et al., 2013). We would go beyond the scope of this review to recapitulate all the studies and rather refer the reader to the following

interesting articles: Kitayama et al., 2008, Qin et al., 2010b, Teng et al., 2013, Yang et al., 2010 and Zwicker et al., 2010. The internal circadian clock maintains an endogenous rhythm of about 24 h that is governed by the period length of the oscillator. The free-running period of the endogenous oscillator is determined genetically and is close to but not equal to 24 h. In order to measure the time precisely, the clock has to be synchronized to the exact 24-hour cycle of the Earth rotation. There are several external signals that oscillate in the natural environment and that can serve Lumacaftor cost as a real-time cue (Zeitgeber). Known Zeitgeber are the daily light–dark cycles as well as temperature (Liu et al., 1998) or food availability (Damiola et al., 2000). In eukaryotic circadian systems usually a photoreceptor is involved in entrainment of the internal oscillator. Here, cryptochrome is a major player with different mechanisms of function in various organisms. In Mammals, two cryptochromes belong to the core of the molecular clock (Ko and Takahashi, 2006) whereas in Drosophila a cryptochrome is the major circadian photoreceptor

( Emery et al., 1998). Cyanobacteria harbor many different photoreceptors including cryptochromes and various types of phytochromes. Nevertheless, none of the putative photoreceptors identified in S. elongatus by genome analysis was found to be involved in clock functions ( Mackey et al., 2011). Therefore it was speculated that the photosynthetic antennae can serve as a megaphotoreceptor to synchronize the cyanobacterial clock. However, other components of the input pathway have been identified for the S. elongatus clock. Fig. 1A depicts the molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock in S. elongatus. So far, there are three

major players of the input pathway, which sense either changes in the redox state of the electron transport chain (circadian input kinase A, CikA; light dependent period, LdpA) or are regulated directly IKBKE by light (period extender, Pex) ( Ivleva et al., 2005, Kutsuna et al., 1998 and Schmitz et al., 2000). Further, four proteins were identified, namely NhtA, PrkE, IrcA, and CdpA that may help connecting CikA with the circadian central oscillator ( Mackey et al., 2008). CikA has a protein histidine kinase domain as typically found in sensor kinases of bacterial two-component signal transduction systems. Though CikA contains an N-terminal GAF domain and has some homologies to phytochrome photoreceptors it does not bind a bilin as a chromophore ( Mutsuda et al., 2003). Interestingly, the CikA homolog from the freshwater strain Synechocystis sp.

The MICs of the tested peptides were determined by 2-fold serial broth microdilution in Müeller–Hinton broth (Difco) in 96-well plates. Aliquots of 45 μL of Müeller–Hinton broth (Difco) were placed in the microplates containing 50 μL of the peptides solutions. The mixture was completed by inoculation of 5 μL of bacterial suspension (107 CFU/mL),

according NCCLS (Wayne, 2004), resulting in a final volume of 100 μL with 104 CFU/well. Following inoculation, the microtitre plates were incubated at 37 °C for 18 h before the results were recorded. After this time, the turbidity of the cultures was measured in an ELISA reader at selleck chemical 595 nm to assess bacterial growth. The results were expressed as inhibition percentage

of optical density (OD) against a control; this control was obtained in each situation by measuring the OD of the microorganisms introduced into the plate in the absence of peptide. Also, the lowest concentration of peptide at which there is no visible growth after overnight incubation was observed. A 4% suspension Volasertib price of mouse erythrocytes (ES) was prepared as described (Rangel et al., 1997). Different concentrations of the peptides were incubated with the ES at room temperature (∼22 °C) in an Elisa plate (96 wells). After 1 h it was centrifuged (1085× g/5 min), and the hemolytic activity of the supernatant was measured by the absorbance at 540 nm, considering as blank the absorbance of Krebs–Henseleit physiological solution (mM: NaCl 113; KH2PO4 1.2; KCl 4; MgSO4 1.2; CaCl2 2.5; NaHCO3 25; glucose 11.1), which was the vehicle for the peptides. Total hemolysis

was obtained with 1% Triton X-100 and the percentage of hemolysis was calculated relative to this value. The ability of the peptides to induce mast cells degranulation was investigated in vitro using the protocol of quantification of the granular enzyme β-hexosaminidase released in the supernatants of PT18 cells (a connective tissue-type mast cell model) and RBL-2H3 cells (a mucosal-type mast cell model), according to Ortega et al. (1991). For this, 4 × 106 PT18 cells or 1.2 × 105 Prostatic acid phosphatase RBL-2H3 cells (200 μL) were incubated in the presence of the peptides for 30 min in Tyrode’s buffer at 37 °C/5% CO2. After this, the cells were centrifuged and the supernatants collected. The cells incubated only with the Tyrode’s buffer were lysed with 0.5% Triton X-100 (200 μL) (Sigma–Aldrich) solution to evaluate the total enzyme content. From each experimental sample to be assayed, four aliquots (10 μL) of the supernatant were taken to separate microwell plates. To these samples, 90 μL of the substrate solution containing 1.3 mg/mL of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (Sigma) in 0.1 M citrate, pH 4.5, were added and the plates incubated for 12 h at 37°C.

Some stakeholders had only limited time available. It is likely that lack of time and money limits any operational version of the participatory modelling methodologies. A synthetic summary

of the participatory modelling endeavours within each of the four case studies is given in Table 1. The precise details of how the uncertainties were addressed varied by case study, but in all cases extensive discussions between scientists and RAC/ICCAT stakeholders were found to be an important Staurosporine in vitro precursor to creating the atmosphere of goodwill required to openly address the uncertainties in a participatory, transparent, clear and understandable manner. Globally, the pelagic and the Mediterranean case studies turned out to develop along fairly similar, pragmatic tracks and are largely comparable, while both the Baltic and the Nephrops cases followed their own paths. The models used (standard as well as the non-standard approaches) were open for modifications based on stakeholder input; each model contained some core elements, though, that had been pre-framed by scientists only. A final reflection about successes and failures based on our participatory modelling experiences: Transparent two-way communication (involving

respectful listening) is considered a key factor for an effective extended peer review process where scientists and stakeholders AZD0530 solubility dmso acknowledge uncertainties, mutually reflect on knowledge gaps that may really matter, and take into account a realistic time frame. As already pointed out by Kraak et al. [7] and others [3], [74], [76], [86], [87], [88] and [89], the authors believe that the best way to reach sustainability is to ensure stakeholders’ participation in the process. This requires time, trust, C59 supplier transparency and efficient steering. To conclude, participatory modelling has the potential to facilitate and structure discussions between scientists and stakeholders about uncertainties and the quality of the knowledge base; it can contribute to collective learning, increase legitimacy, and advance scientific understanding. However, when approaching

real life problems, modelling should not be seen as the priority objective. Rather, the crucial step in a science–stakeholder collaboration is the joint problem framing in an open, transparent way, in order to ensure that scientists tackle the relevant problems. Where people communicate with each other, it improves people’s ability to understand each other. Funding was provided by the EU FP7 project JAKFISH (contract no. 212969) and partly by the Dutch national programme Kennis Basis WOT ‘trade-offs msy targets (KBWOT). We thank all involved stakeholders for their efforts and inputs to the participatory modelling and extended peer review processes. Thanks to Sakari Kuikka and Christoph Priebe for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.

24 °C). After washing the sections with PB (3 × 10 min), they were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibodies, which were all diluted 1:200 in PB with 0.3% Triton X-100 for 2 h at room temperature. Following additional washes learn more (3 × 10 min), the sections were incubated with the avidin–biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC Elite kit, Vector Labs., Burlingame, CA, USA) for 2 h at room temperature. Labeling was developed with 0.05% diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) and 0.03% (final concentration) hydrogen peroxide in PB. To confirm the specificity of the antibodies,

a separate set of sections from each group was incubated only with the secondary antibodies, a condition in which no staining was present. After the staining procedure, the sections

were Screening Library datasheet mounted on glass slides and the staining was intensified with 0.05% osmium tetroxide in water. They were then dehydrated and coverslipped using Permount (Fisher, Pittsburg, PA, USA). The region of interest was identified based on a stereotaxic atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 2005) using a 20× objective on a Nikon E1000 microscope (Melville, NY, USA). Images were captured using a Nikon DMX1200 digital camera, encompassing an area of 54,000 μm2 of the dorsal hippocampus, between 3 and 4 mm behind the bregma (5–7 sections/brain) (Image J, NIH/USA). The animals (8 animals per group) were decapitated and their hippocampi quickly collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 70 °C until use. The tissue was then homogenized at 4 °C in extraction buffer (Tris, pH 7.4,

100 mM; EDTA 10 mM; PMSF 2 mM; aprotinin 0.01 mg/ml). The homogenates were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm (15294 g) (Eppendorf Centrifuge 5804R — Westbury, NY, USA) at 4 °C for 20 min, and the protein concentration of the supernatant was determined using ADAMTS5 a protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) (Bradford, 1976). The material was stored in a sample buffer (Tris/HCl 125 mM, pH 6.8; 2.5% (p/v) SDS; 2.5% 2-mercaptoethanol, 4 mM EDTA and 0.05% bromofenol blue) (Laemmli, 1970) at − 70 °C until starting the assays. Samples containing 75–100 μg of total proteins in Laemmli buffer were boiled for 5 min and separated by 6.5%, 8% and 12% acrylamide SDS gels (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) at 25 mA (Laemmli, 1970) and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA) at 100 V for 80 min using a Trans-Blot cell system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). A sample of 800 ng of recombinant human BDNF (rhBDNF) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) reconstituted with 0.2 μm-filtered PBS/0.1% BSA to a concentration of 50 mg/ml was also applied to the 12% gels as a control for BDNF ( Das et al., 2001). The membranes were then blocked for 2 h at room temperature with PBS containing 0.

esc-sec.ca/annmeet.html *1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HORTICULTURAL INSECTS MANAGEMENT 05–08 November Amman, JORDAN Info: M. Ateyyat, E-mail: [email protected] *METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES OUTREACH MEETING 06–08 November Orlando, FL, USA Info: MBAO, 6556 N. Dolores Ave., Fresno, CA 93711, USA. Fax: 1-559-449-9037. Voice: 1-559-449-9035.E-mail: [email protected]: www.mbao.org *6th MEETING ON INDUCED RESISTANCE IN PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS 19–21 November Vicosa, MG, BRAZIL Info: F. Rodrigues, E-mail: [email protected] *INTERNATIONAL

SYMPOSIUM ON FOOD SECURITY DILEMMA: PLANT HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES 07–09 December Kalyani, GSK2118436 in vivo INDIA Info: M.R. Khan, Fax/Voice: 91-33-250-25235. E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.aappbckv.org 2013 *12th INTERNATIONAL PLANT VIRUS EPIDEMIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM 28 January–01 FebruaryArusha, TANZANIA L. Kumar, E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.iita.org/ipve *1V INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSECT SCIENCE 14–17 FebruaryBangalore, INDIA Info: http://www.icis2013.in INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE

CONFERENCE 18–22 February Perth, AUSTRALIA S. Powles, AHRI, School of Plant Biol., Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth 6009, WA, AUSTRALIA Fax: 61-8-6488-7834 Voice: 61-8-6488-7870 E-mail: [email protected] *17th INTERNATIONAL REINHARDSBRUNN BGB324 SYMPOSIUM ON MODERN FUNGICIDES AND ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS 21–25 April Friedrichroda, GERMANY Info: http://tinyurl.com/6mntxsa *INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADJUVANTS TO AGROCHEMICALS 22–26 April Foz do Iguacu, BRAZIL Info: P. CastelaniVoice: 55-11-4478-3418E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://tinyurl.com/7h2jcmj *16th EUROPEAN WEED RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM 24–27 June

Samsun, TURKEY Info: Abiraterone in vitro [email protected] Info: http://tinyurl.com/7vpwrv3 AMERICAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING 10–14 August Providence, RI, USA Info: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121, USAFax: 1-651-454-0755 Voice: 1-651-454-3848 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.apsnet.org *150th ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO ANNUAL MEETING, jointly with the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 18–24 October Guelph, ONT, CANADA Info: N. McKenzie E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsocont.ca Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012;142:1264–1273. In figure 1 of the above article, the box labelled “Men,” in the figure key, should correctly be shaded in the color blue. The box labelled “Women,” in the figure key, should correctly be shaded in the color yellow. The key for figure 1 has been corrected as shown below and in the online version of the article. “
“Corrigendum for acknowledgement In Asia today rice’s most serious pest problems are rice planthoppers.

Under acidic conditions, calcium and magnesium supply is reduced and plant growth suffers. In addition to these effects, other beneficial nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, are also in deficient concentration. The low yields of groundnut are due to poor pod filling in acid soils, owing to poor calcium-supplying power of soils. For meeting calcium demands and creating favorable conditions for better uptake of other essential nutrients, particularly phosphorus, liming is an important management practice in acid soils. The improvement of these acid soils should also aim at eliminating

the toxic effects of Al and Mn. The Vincristine harmful effects of soil acidity can be eliminated by raising pH with suitable quantities of lime. Liming helps in raising the base saturation of the soil Selumetinib molecular weight and inactivating iron, aluminum, and manganese in the soil solution. Liming also helps to minimize phosphate fixation by iron and aluminum. Kamprath [8] reported the need for raising soil pH beyond the point of neutralizing

exchangeable aluminum, particularly for legumes. Recently, high-yielding cultivars of ricebean in northeastern states of India including Nagaland have been developed with extra short duration, bold seed, and dwarf plant types suitable for cultivation. These cultivars must be evaluated under different levels of lime in acid soils of the Nagaland foothills in the post-rainy season. The present investigation

was undertaken with the following objectives: (i) to evaluate the effect of lime on growth, yield attributes, yield, economics, and quality parameters, (ii) to evaluate the effect of lime on soil health, and (iii) to prescribe the best ricebean cultivars under foothill conditions during the post-rainy season. The field experiment was conducted during the post-rainy seasons of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 at the Agricultural Lonafarnib supplier Research Farm of ICAR, RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Nagaland, India. The experimental site was located at 25.45° N latitude 93.53° E longitude with a mean altitude of 295 m ASL. The climate of the experimental site was subtropical with high humidity and medium to high rainfall. The soil was sandy loam and acidic in reaction (pH 4.9). The soil contained 0.95% oxidizable organic carbon, 235 kg ha− 1 mineralizable nitrogen, 136 kg ha− 1 available potassium, and 10.3 kg ha− 1 available phosphorus. During the experimental period the maximum and minimum temperatures varied from 23.0 °C to 31.1 °C and 9.7 °C to 24.0 °C, respectively, during 2010–2011 and 24.3 °C to 31.2 °C and 9.5 °C to 24.2 °C during 2011–2012. The maximum and minimum relative humidities ranged from 75% to 84% and 38% to 67%, respectively, during 2010–2011 and 78% to 85% and 78% to 63% during 2011–2012. Total precipitations of 225.2 mm and 315.

, 2001; Boehm, 2003; Liu et al., 2006 and Thupaki et al., 2010). Recreational beach use, especially in California (where surfing is common), is not limited to the shoreline. This

makes it selleck products important to evaluate FIB contamination and the processes controlling it over wider recreational domains where physical processes are different, and FIB survivorship may also change (Davies-Colley et al., 1994 and Kim et al., 2004). Here we present results from an along and cross-shore resolved field program with joint physical and bacterial observations designed to identify the dominant mechanisms controlling FIB variability within (and seaward) of the surfzone. By directly measuring currents out to 300 m cross-shore, we both enable the evaluation FIB flow fields IDH targets over appropriate recreational domains, and avoid estimating current velocity from wave direction or alongshore drift, which has increased uncertainty in other models (Boehm, 2003; Kim et al., 2004). In the present paper we focus on quantifying the contribution of physical processes (advection and diffusion) to observed FIB patterns, and developing a best-fit physical model from this analysis. The contribution of biological processes to nearshore FIB variability is addressed in Rippy et al. (2012). Southern California’s Huntington State Beach is ∼3.2 km long, with chronically poor surfzone water

quality (Grant et al., 2001 and Kim

et al., 2004). At its southern end, the beach receives brackish flows from the Talbert Marsh (TM) and the Santa Ana River (SAR), both of which have been implicated as sources of surfzone FIB (Kim et al., 2004). In fall 2006, a multi-institutional field campaign (“HB06”) focused on observing nearshore waves, currents, temperature, phytoplankton, and FIB at this beach. The present study concerns the bacterial component of HB06, a 5-h FIB survey with high spatial and temporal resolution conducted on October 16th along transects extending 1 km north of the TM/SAR outlets, and 300 m offshore. FIB concentrations were measured at 8 stations: 4 in knee-deep water along a 1000 m alongshore transect north of SAR (SAR, TM, FHM, F1; Fig. 1), and 4 along a 300 m cross-shore transect starting at F1 (knee-deep Thalidomide water), and terminating at an offshore Orange County Sanitation District mooring (OM) in ∼8 m mean water depth (F1, F3, F5, F7, OM; Fig. 1). Every 20 min, from 0650 h to 1150 h PDT, 100 ml water samples were taken at all stations. Samples were stored on ice and transported to the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) within 6 h of collection. All samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli (IDEXX Colilert) and Enterococcus (EPA method 1600) concentrations by OCSD personnel. Temporal rates of FIB loss were estimated for each station from regressions of log (FIB) versus time.