However, is often

probable that catches for newly reported species were earlier included under not identified (e.g. ‘Marine fishes nei’) or higher taxonomic level (e.g. genus, family, etc.) items, or even under another species, consequently decreasing the quantities reported onward for the more highly aggregated items. There are also cases in which countries have been reporting catch statistics with a good species breakdown for some years, thanks to specific projects or temporary availability of funds but, when the data collection activities ceased or became unsustainable, the information submitted was drastically reduced. Variations in the quality and level of species breakdown throughout the years make very PD98059 in vivo difficult to use the information in the database as an indicator of increasing or decreasing biodiversity in reported catches, as improvements in data reporting cannot be distinguished from Z-VAD-FMK concentration real changes in catch composition. As soon as the annual deadline to submit data expires, FAO contacts the national correspondents of those countries that have not yet reported their fishery statistics. If after several reminders a country still does not return data FAO estimates the missing data and marks them in the database with an ‘F’. All data reported by countries are carefully checked and, when the figures are questionable, the

national correspondent is consulted for clarifications. Unfortunately, sometimes such requests remain unanswered and FAO has to take decisions whether including or not in the database data that

seems unreliable. There are countries which in some years are able to report only data P-type ATPase for a component of the fishery sector (e.g. industrial or artisanal) but FAO has to add up estimates for the missing catches because data on total fish supply by each country are needed to calculate the apparent consumption of fish and fishery products in the Food Balance Sheets [2]. There are no predefined rules concerning how to produce the FAO estimates. In general, data from the previous year are either repeated or rounded to the nearest 10 or 100 to hint that they have not been officially submitted. When the total catch is available but species breakdown was not provided for a given year, catches by species are estimated proportionally to figures reported for previous years. In these cases, the ‘F’ is removed from the country’s totals in the relevant tables of the FAO capture production yearbook. The attribution or removal of the ‘F’ to totals is very accurate for recent years but may not be always consistent for older years. Data reported for the latest year are considered as provisional and may be subject to revision the following year. In addition, FAO revises catch data for backward years as new data provided by national correspondents, RFBs or other sources become available. Among the most significant data revisions occurred in the last twenty years, two concerned China’s statistics.

Cicero A. Cignarella M. Cignarelli P.M. Clarke R. Clemens G. Clemente E. Codner P. Codoñer-Franch G. Coen R. A. Cohen C. Colapinto D. Colquhoun D.J. Conklin A. HSP inhibitor review Coppola R. Corder R. Cordera C. Cortese B. Costa S. Cottone S.G. Cresci H. Croker A. Crozier R. Cuomo P.J Currie C.J. Currie K. Cusi C. Cuspidi K. Cuypers J. Dai M. Daimon D.L. Daleke M.F. Dallman J. Dallongeville A. Das K. Dasgupta J.A. Dave M.B. Davidson G. De Berardis R. De Cristofaro M. De Curtis P. De Feo G. De Filippo C. De Graaf A. De Lorenzo S. De Marchi M. De Michele A.C. Ferreira De Moraes A. De Moura G. de simone T. Decsi M. Deiana R. Deka J. Delgado-Lista L. D’Elia H. Delisle C.A. Demopoulos L. Denti J-P. Despres P.L Dessì Fulgheri R.A. Dhonukshe-Rutten A. Di Castelnuovo G. Di Minno J.J. Díez L. Djoussé S. Dodin S. Dodson P. Dolara P. Donnelly F. Döring J. Dorn H. Du B. Dubern F. Dumler P.A. Edwards A. Eilander J.C. Eisenmann S.C. Elbein K. Elfhag A. Eliakim M.S. Elisaf L. Ellegård A. El-sohemy P.C. Elwood J. C. Engert T. P Erlinger R. Estruch R. Fabiani G.P. Fadini F. Fallo A.Z. Fan N. Farpour-Lambert A. Farquharson M. Faruque

M. Fasshauer S. Fazio K. Fearon A. Fedewa D. Feliers G. Ferland M.L.Fernandez A. Ferrara C. Ferri E. Feskens S. Filla C.M. Fisk P.R. Flatt V.M. Flood M. Fogelholm B. Fontaine-Bisson C.M. Forsblom G. Fortunato A.G. Fowler-Brown K.M. Fox C.G. Fraga L. Franzini B. Frei A. Galluzzo V. Ganji C.D Gardner A. Gasbarrini A. Gastaldelli C.

Gazzaruso L. Gennari M. Gentile P.A Gerber E. Gerdts D. Geroldi G. Giacchetti ERK inhibitor K.M. Giacomini S. Giampaoli R. Gibson E.L. Giovannucci H. Glick G. Goldfield P. Golino M.M. Gonzalez-Gross M.I. Goran J. Gorelik L. Gortner G. Grassi K. Grau L. Greco P.H.R. Green P.H. Groop H.L. Gulseth P.E. Gustafsson H. Gylling J.I. Haines M. Hamer E. Han A. Hanley H-U Häring W.S. Harris G. Hay L. Healy Á.P. Hearty A. Hennessy N. Herbach A. Herbst M. Hermans H.H.M. Hermsdorff F. Hirai A.M. Hodge L. Hodson T. Hoekstra B. Hojgaard A. Hokken C.B. Hollenbeck J-C. Holm A. Honeycutt J.D. Horowitz Wm.J. Howard M.L. Hribal K.A. Hruska S. Hsia Y. Hu Y. Huang I. Huybrechts G. Iaccarino G. Iacobellis G. Iacomino D. Iggman P. Imperatore S. Inchiostro P. Iozzo G. Isaia Amine dehydrogenase A.Z. Iversen T. Jaarsma V.W.V. Jaddoe F. Jakob H.C. Jang D.M. Janicke M. Jauhiainen A. Werner Jehle C. Jenkinson J. Jeppesen G. Jia I. Jialal M López Jiménez D. Jimenez-pavón J.A. Joseph A. Jula M. Juonala R.J. Kaaks J. Kajstura E. Seok Kang J.A. Kaput G. Kardon Z.S. Katusic G. Kaur M. Kelm J. K. Kemper C.W.C. Kendall K. Kennedy J. Keogh R. Kerkela B. Keymeulen Y. Seun Kim M.

2A) and crypt proliferative activity (Fig. 2C) were decreased in carcinogenic FLX-treated rats (P < 0.007 and 0.001; Fig. 2B and D), despite its activity in the promotion of proliferation in non-carcinogen treated

rats (P < 0.01). As previously shown (Liang et al., 2004 and Waldner et al., 2010), dysplastic ACF development is also PI3K inhibitor related to microvessels enlargement. Therefore, crypt surrounding microvessels (Fig. 2E) were reduced in carcinogenic FLX-treated rats (P < 0.05; Fig. 2F). Also, it decreased VEGF expression within PCCS ( Fig. 3A) in DMH-treated rats (P < 0.001; Fig. 3B) and, reduced COX-2 expression ( Fig. 3C) in non-DMH and DMH-treated groups (P < 0.01; Fig. 3D). In this study we demonstrated that FLX and its metabolite are present in the colon tissue and this treatment possibly increased 5-HT levels by decreasing SERT activity resulting in the suppression of 5-HIAA release. Thus, FLX was quickly diffused into multiples body-sites, as colon, due to its high lipophilicity (Lefebvre et

al., 1999) and possibly blocked SERT-function Buparlisib in vitro (Gill et al., 2008), resulting in the imbalance of 5-HT metabolism (Bertrand et al., 2010). Despite the current knowledge that high 5-HT levels are implicated in the induction of cell proliferation and tumor growth (Arends et al., 1986), 5-HT selectively inhibited the colon adenocarcinoma growth by constricting tumor arterioles (Lubbe and Huhnt, 1994). Furthermore, FLX has been revealed as a great apoptosis inducer inhibiting tumor

development (Arimochi and Morita, 2006 and Lee et al., 2010). Our analysis is driven by the hypothesis that besides FLX effect on the upregulation of 5-HT levels, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) their co-related activity possibly promoted the blockade of 5-HT2C receptors. On the other hand, endogenous upregulation in this amine levels seemed not to be correlated to the promotion of malignant crypt changes, as noticed by its metabolism and recognition. FLX and N-FLX have been shown to enhance the rate of desensitization in 5-HT-receptors (Brink et al., 2004 and Choi et al., 2003), reducing both Na+ and Ca2+ currents as a noncompetitive antagonism activity (Eisensamer et al., 2003). Also, 5-HT potentially desensitized 5-HT2C receptors after a short cell exposition to this amine (Briddon et al., 1998), and the blockade of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2-receptors subtypes inhibited tumor cell proliferation (Tutton and Barkla, 1980 and Tutton and Barkla, 1986). Additionally, 5-HT treatment promoted tumor but not crypt cell proliferation (Tutton and Barkla, 1980), whereas colon tumor cells treated with sulforaphane revealed decreased 5HT1A, 5-HT2C, and SERT levels, suggesting a lower tumor progression (Mastrangelo et al., 2008). Although FLX greatly controlled dysplastic ACF development, the results regarding epithelia proliferation seemed to be conflicting between non-DMH and DMH treated rats that received FLX.

ROIs were therefore taken from the literature and effects of lexical category or semantics were investigated by two-way ANOVAs. Previous work targeting both lexical category differences (noun–verb) and semantic dissociations (living–nonliving, animals–tools, etc.) was exploited in defining ROIs (Bedny et al., 2008, Chao et al., 1999, Martin and Chao, 2001 and Martin and Weisberg, 2003; see Vigliocco et al. 2011). Bedny et al. (2008) reported a significant effect of lexical category but NOT of the only semantic variable they focused on, motion—related semantic word properties. This lexical category effect was seen in three ROIs, Daporinad nmr where verbs evoked greater activity than nouns: left temperoparietal junction (TPJ: coordinates −58,

−48, 22), superior temporal sulcus (STS: −57, −55, 12) and anterior superior temporal sulcus (aSTS: −57, −41, −1). However, using the same ROIs to scrutinise the present data set, we could not observe any concordant significant effect, and, more generally, not any main effect or interaction of either Lexical category or Semantics (all F-values <0.5). Their left STS ROI revealed a trend towards a lexical category difference which, though weak and far below significance (F(1, 17) = .422, p > .525), somewhat resembled that reported by Bedny, with numerically greater activity for verbs

(see Fig. 2, Part A). No significant effect of lexical category appeared in either the left temperoparietal junction ROI (F(1, 17) = .400,

p > .536) or the left GSK2118436 anterior superior temporal sulcus ROI (F(1, 17) = .105, p > .750); in these cases, any numerical differences in favour of verbs were also absent in our data, in favour of a numerical contrast in the opposite direction. The combination of all three Bedny et al. regions (TPJ, STS and aSTS) also failed to reveal a significant effect of lexical category or semantics. Although, Florfenicol in our present analysis, activation maxima did not arise in the left STS in the contrast of all experimental words against baseline, we chose two coordinates located in the cluster of STS activation which were closest to Bedny et al.’s original anterior and posterior STS regions (see Fig. 2B). These coordinates, too, failed to replicate the verb advantage reported by Bedny and colleagues in left STS and showed no effect of lexical category. The present study was therefore unable to replicate the noun/verb difference in haemodynamic responses previously reported in left middle-temporal cortex. So far, analysis of all ROIs from the previous literature failed to reveal effects of lexical category. We did, however, observe a main effect of lexical category in analysis of two left frontal-insula regions (one more anterior at MNI coordinates −27, 33, 11, the other more posterior at −27, −3, 23) suggested by Martin et al.’s (1996) results of a positron emission tomography (PET) experiment investigating the naming of visually depicted animals and tools (F(1, 17) = 6.

Such maps provide a different view of the spatial distribution of valuable seabed

areas as they do not necessarily coincide with the high catch areas of selected fish species. It is known that it can take more than 30 hours for prey to be digested (Macdonald et al. 1982), depending on the size of both predator and prey (Santos and Jobling, 1991 and Bromley, 1994) as well as on water temperature (Tyler 1970). Furthermore, the sustained speed of cod can reach 0.6–0.9 BL s− 1 (He, 1991 and Björnsson, 1993), meaning that 60 cm cod can swim for 38–58 km before their prey are digested. This shows that high catch areas of mobile fish whose stomachs are filled with benthic invertebrates do not necessary correspond to the good quality of the seabed, for there is no proof that the fish were caught in an actual feeding ground. Certainly, this is not the case with low NVP-BKM120 research buy mobility species like flounder and eelpout. On the other hand, these maps do not evaluate

the suitability of a given environment for fish species apart from the biomass distribution of prey items and their importance to the diet. It may happen that a prey biomass is very high but the fish has limited access to this environment or the environment may be unsuitable in the context of factors other than feeding. For instance, the eelpout is exclusively associated with coastal hard bottoms, so other areas (even of the highest quality) are irrelevant to this species. Nevertheless, if the quality map of feeding grounds were combined with HSP inhibitor fish distribution maps, it would elevate our knowledge to a different level. As in many other modelling

approaches the outcome of our method is dependent on the quality of the initial data. The type of data for the service user module can be selected according to the aim of a study (in our case relatively robust data were sufficient) and could range from several categories of importance based on expert knowledge to exact figures of prey numbers and their weight. from For the service provider module of the best available data on both macrozoobenthos and predictors it would be advisable, for instance, to add other environmental parameters such as organic content and nutrient supply, which could obviously enhance the quality and applicability of models (Gogina & Zettler 2010). Furthermore, accuracy assessments have stressed that the different quartiles of a predictor range may be unevenly justified by macrofauna data, so the sampling strategy should take into account the spatial peculiarities of important predictors, especially that part of a range where significant changes in the characteristics of macrofauna occur. Our method may have many other applications. The data in the user module (in this case the feeding of cod, flounder and eelpout) could easily be replaced by different objects like the feeding of other fish species or even birds.

Interestingly, some reports on MSX1 mutations describe agenesis of the first permanent molars even in the presence of second molars. We tested each agenesis

dental category for association with the MSX1 and PAX9 polymorphisms, and although the same general tendencies listed above were found, the values were CAL-101 molecular weight not significant. These results, however, should be considered with caution since the sample sizes used for our case–control comparisons were small. Multiple locus haplotype analysis showed no linkage disequilibrium between the PAX9 or MSX1 alleles. Although the case–control results showed no association with the PAX9 and MSX1 variation, it should be mentioned that in two individuals, BCA003 (7, 16, 1, 17) and BCA020 (10, 7, 32; Table S2, Supplementary Data) where the derived allele (240Pro; PAX9 exon 3) appears in homozygosity, third molar(s), as well as upper lateral incisor(s), are absent. For BCA003, a woman with absence of three third molars and one upper lateral incisor, it was possible to obtain sequences of the PAX9 exon 3 of her parents. Interestingly, her father, who presents the four third molars missing is also homozygote for the 240Pro allele. The mother, on the other hand, PLX4032 in vivo is heterozygote

G/C and does not present missing teeth ( Fig. 2). No homozygotes for the 240Pro allele were found in our control sample. In the present study 33% of the subjects who received orthodontic treatment had agenesis of one or more teeth. Third molar is the tooth Wilson disease protein with the highest agenesis frequency,

followed by the lower premolars and upper lateral incisors. Some differences between genders and skin colour groups were found, but generally they disappear if third molars are excluded of the analysis. Sequences of the untranslated MSX1 exon 2 region, and of the PAX9 exons 2, 3 and 4 were obtained for 35 patients with distinct dental agenesis. Although no new or previously described mutations located in the DNA binding domain for both genes were identified, six substitutions located outside this domain were found. Although the case–control results showed no significant differences, some findings deserve a comment; for instance, the MSX1 rs1095 derived allele appeared in agenesis affected patients only (no mutant allele C was found in controls). This variant was absent in a sample of Euro-descendents studied earlier (dbSNP database – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/). The other two MSX1 polymorphisms (rs8670 and rs12532) had earlier been associated with dental agenesis. 29PAX9 rs7143727 derived allele also appeared in agenesis affected individuals only (no mutant allele T was found in controls). However, differently from the other substitutions, this variant is located in a non-coding region (5′ flanking intronic segment of PAX9 exon 3). An earlier family study showed that the Ala240Pro (PAX9 exon 3) mutation seems to produce a recessive pattern of inheritance, since all homozygotes for it had missing third molar(s) as well as lateral incisor(s).

If spurious synchrony had been caused by volume conduction, distributions narrowly centred buy C59 wnt on zero and pi (Melloni et al., 2007) would have been observed. However, the results indicated that this was not the case, as scattered distributions were observed. As Fig. 4 shows, we identified a typical adult-like N400 response in infants. ERPs to

sound-symbolically mismatched stimuli were more negative going than those to sound-symbolically matched stimuli at around 350–550 msec after the auditory onset over the central regions of the scalp, i.e., C3, Cz, and C4, which correspond to the typical time-window and sites for the N400 effect (Kutas & Federmeier, 2011). A two-way ANOVA (two sound-symbolic matching conditions × three electrodes) on the mean amplitudes in the time window revealed a main effect of sound-symbolic matching [F(1,18) = 8.47, p < .01, two-tailed, η2 = .03, N = 19; all data were normally distributed (all Ds < .16 and ps > .62, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test)]. No statistical differences between the two conditions were found in other time windows including earlier time windows (e.g., 1–300 msec, in which the differences between conditions were found in the amplitude change analysis) over any scalp regions [frontal (i.e., F3, Fz, and F4), central (i.e., C3, Cz, and C4), and

parietal (i.e., P3, Pz, and P4)]. This study investigated the neural mechanism for processing novel word–shape pairs with or without sound symbolism in 11-month-old infants. There were three key findings: First, amplitude change Atezolizumab supplier assessed by AMP increased for sound-symbolically matched sound-shape pairs more than for sound-symbolically mismatched pairs in the gamma band and in an early time window (1–300 msec), consistent with previous infant studies showing that perceptual processing modulates

oscillation amplitude in the gamma band in the same time window ( Csibra et al., 2000). Thus, the results from the amplitude change analysis suggest that sound symbolism is processed as a perceptual binding in 11-month-old infants. Second, phase synchronization of neural oscillations assessed by PLV increased, as compared to the baseline period, RVX-208 significantly more in the mismatch condition than in the match condition. This effect was observed in the beta-band and most pronounced over left-hemisphere electrodes during the time window (301–600 msec) in which the N400 effect was detected in ERP. The time course of large-scale synchronization suggests that cross-modal binding was achieved quickly in the match condition, but sustained effort was required in the mismatch condition and seemed to involve left-lateralized structures. The stronger inter-regional communication in the left hemisphere is compatible with the idea that the language-processing network in the left hemisphere ( Mesulam, 1990 and Springer et al., 1999) is recruited for processing the sound-shape pairings.

The theory neutrality underlying the NIC presumably was sought to allow consistency with the many existing nursing theories, although it is hard to claim that the sorting selleck chemical of activities under interventions can be done without implicit theories as to how a single activity or many activities combined may result in alleviation of the problem the nurse is focusing on. Although there are several partial classifications of rehabilitation interventions, generally covering a small area within a discipline,49, 50, 51 and 52 there

are none that are broadly conceptualized, systematically developed, and empirically tested. The Medical Subject Headings (“MeSH”) offers a typology of rehabilitation therapeutic procedures and techniques that is coarse and consists mostly of the names of rehabilitation disciplines (eg, “music therapy,” “voice training”).53 Suggestions for classification axes were offered by Sigelman,54 Coulton,55 Scofield,56 and colleagues, and were integrated by Livneh,57 but to date these have not been worked out into a systematic typology that can be used to characterize interventions across all settings, diagnostic groups, and disciplines playing a role in rehabilitation. The World selleck products Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

(ICF) 58 has proven to be extremely useful for describing inputs to and outcomes of rehabilitation; however, it is silent as to the specific activities rehabilitation professionals deploy for and with persons with a disability to improve and expand their functioning. All health and rehabilitation services are captured in one component

of the environmental factors classification (e580: health services, systems and policies), which includes “providing medical rehabilitation.” The ICF will no doubt contribute to an interventions classification, for example, in identifying treatments corresponding to each of the many and detailed deficits, activity Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 limitations, and participation restrictions it lists. However, a taxonomy that does no more than delineate treatments in terms of their purported outcomes (see Finger et al 59) would ultimately only support noninformative statements or circular reasoning, such as “gait (b770) improved because of gait treatments (b770)” or “the person re-entered the work force (d845) with the help of employment-seeking assistance (d845) provided by vocational rehabilitation.” The outcomes that are targeted in therapy may be a useful shorthand descriptor of interventions or classes of interventions (in analogy of how we refer to classes of drugs, eg, antidepressants), but to be scientifically useful, at some point the interventions need to be described in terms of observable active ingredients (eg, the chemical components that boost neurotransmitters relevant to depression).

Following our previous findings reported in Auger et al. (2012), the exact parameters within which the RSC operates when responding to item permanence were unclear. Specifically, we wondered whether the RSC response merely reflects the binary presence or absence of something permanent, or whether it contains information about every individual permanent item. The current UK-371804 research buy results show that the RSC does not merely execute a general response to item permanence. Instead, it has a more nuanced representation of the exact number of permanent items

that are in view, a fact which only became apparent when using the more sensitive method of MVPA. This throws new light on the mechanism at play within the RSC, and reveals a means by which the RSC could play a crucial role in laying the foundations of our allocentric spatial representations of the environment, which are dependent in the first instance on multiple stable landmarks (Siegel & White, 1975). It is also interesting to note that this response to item permanence was automatic. The participants were naïve to our interest in item features and instead performed an incidental vigilance task that involved searching the images for a blue dot which would occasionally appear on an item. Given the importance of being able to code for stable items in an environment, it is perhaps not surprising that such processing is implicit and automatic, as has been shown for the detection of other

components such as animals or vehicles within scenes in the absence of direct attention (Fei Fei, VanRullen, Koch, & Perona, 2002). NU7441 mw One might argue that our results could have been influenced by factors other than permanence, for example, item size (Konkle & Oliva, 2012); after all, big items tend to move less and be more stable. However, not only did we ensure that a range of real-world size values were represented within each permanence category, but the stimuli

were designed such that real-world size could be analysed across five categories in a similar manner to permanence. Yet classifiers operating on voxels in the RSC were unable to predict item size. In a similar vein, the decoding of visual salience of the items from activity in RSC was significantly worse than for permanence. Our eye-tracking data confirmed that there were no biases in terms of where and for how long Lenvatinib subjects looked within the visual arrays, and this included their viewing of permanent items. Contextual effects (Bar, 2004; but see Mullally & Maguire, 2011) are also an unlikely explanation of our findings because stimuli were presented without any explicit contexts – each item within a stimulus was displayed on a white background inside a grey outline (Fig. 1). Even if subjects had somehow implicitly processed the typical context for each item, the disparate nature of the four items in an array would likely have given rise to conflicting contextual information, thus adversely affecting classifier performance.

The blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) is common along the continental shelf in the Southern European Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and has emerged as a potential candidate for European aquaculture ( Silva, Andrade, Timóteo, Rocha,

& Valente, 2006). From the marketing point of view, blackspot seabream is a species with a high, very stable value all year round, with an increasing demand and consequently higher value and sales just before Christmas ( Peleteiro, Olmedo, & Alvarez-Blázquez, 2000). The QIM is useful essentially because it evaluates sensory parameters and attributes that change most significantly in each fish species GSK1120212 cell line during degradation (Erkan and Özden, 2006 and Huidobro et al., 2000). The most commonly used attributes for seafood are appearance of eyes, skin and gills, together

with odour and texture (Sveinsdóttir, Hyldig, Martinsdóttir, Jorgensen, & Kristbergsson, 2003). When the linear correlation Proteasome inhibitor between Quality Index (QI) and storage time in ice is obtained, the total demerit scores may be used to readily predict the remaining shelf-life (Botta, 1995). Although the QIM is important in predicting the end of shelf-life or rejection time, it should be estimated with the help and support of other evaluation methods. Although the rejection point in QIM schemes can be estimated by sensory evaluation of the cooked muscle by a panel, for example using the Torry Scale (Martinsdóttir, 1997), this is typical of regions where fish is always commercially presented in fillets. In regions where fish is almost exclusively sold in the whole form, it doesn’t make sense the same procedure, as the rejection of the whole fish occurs always sooner than the rejection of the same fish in fillets (by evaluation of external characteristics, as done by consumers when buying), specially those obtained from whole fish stored in ice and filleted in the day of analysis (Barbosa, selleck chemical Bremner & Vaz-Pires, 2002, chap. 11). On the other hand, the consumption and transportation of seafood products is globally increasing (FAO, 2009) and this increases the need to

predict effects of storage and distribution conditions on product shelf-life (Dalgaard, 2000, p. 31). Due to the relatively poor correlation between counts of total numbers of bacteria over storage time, recently models based on enumeration of specific spoilage organisms (SSO) to determine the remaining shelf-life of fish products have been developed (Dalgaard, 2002, chap. 12; Olafsdóttir, Lauzon, Martinsdóttir, & Kristbergsson, 2006). The dielectric properties of fish skin and muscle are systematically altered during spoilage as tissue components degrade. Measurements of changes in dielectric properties can therefore be used for evaluations of the spoilage degree. Various instruments have been employed to measure physical properties of fish. The Torrymeter (Distell, 2007, p.