Women were more sensitive to opposite than to same-sex expressions, whereas men were differentially poor at detecting sadness in female faces.32 Regarding emotional experience, women are more prone to clinical depression,65 mood fluctuations associated with phases of the menstrual cycle have been documented,66-68 and such phase-associated hormonal changes may relate to cognitive performance.69,70 Sex differences in aging may interact with these effects, but. systematic data are not available. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Age effects on brain anatomy related to memory and emotion processing Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the

brain have documented that, aging is associated with progressive parenchymal volume decrease and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume increase.71-75 The effect, is consistent with neuronal atrophy, but. the cellular changes accounting for

the volumetric findings are still unclear.76 Brain volume shows small but consistent correlations with cognitive performance.19,75,77 Some studies suggest that the volume decrease with age Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is in gray matter (GM) tissue,78 while others report a decrease also in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the white matter (WM.) compartment.79 There is more consistency in the regional distribution of effects, with mesolimbic, temporal, and frontal regions showing greater vulnerability.72,75,80,81 Sex differences have been observed in the compartmental composition of intracranial volumes,82-85 in the volume and density of language-associated cortex,86,87 and in the rate of age-associated

changes.72,73,78 While the data indicate less parenchymal loss in women than in men, particularly for Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical frontal and temporal regions, samples were limited in the elderly cohorts. Our data in the elderly suggest, similar rates of tissue loss in men and women, perhaps reflecting an acceleration following menopause. These neuroanatomic findings seem congruent with age-related changes in memory and emotion. Henkel et al88 concluded that age-related decline in source memory affects ”processes involved in binding AV-951 features into complex memories Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and [...] contextual features of memories.“ Neural substrates for the source memory system implicate the mesial temporal and frontal regions.6,8,9 Henkel ct al’s88 hypothesis, based on behavioral data, is supported in Raz et al’s study.75 While the volume of limbic structures was unrelated to cognitive CP-690550 functions across the age range, in older participants reduction predicted declines in explicit memory. Neural substrates for age-related changes in Ganetespib molecular weight affect are less clearly defined, although recent work affords some hypotheses that, should be tested. Studies on networks for emotion have implicated the amygdala, hypothalamus, mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic systems, and projections to orbital and dorsolateral frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex.