Two are involved in oxidative phosphorylation (MTND3, MTATP) and two encode transfer RNAs (MTRNR1, MTRNR2). The urinary elimination of APAP and metabolites during the 24 hours after dosing is shown in Table 3. The breakdown products of the reactive APAP metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imide

(NAPQI) (the sum of the mercapturate and cysteine conjugates) varied substantially. In the ethnically adjusted dataset there was a positive correlation across the six treated subjects ICG-001 cost between their urinary production of mercapturate and cysteine conjugate and the ratio of genes down-regulated in the mitochondrial function pathway as reported by IPA (r = 0.739; P = 0.58) for each individual treated subject (Fig. 4). The binned NMR data were analyzed by principal components analysis to search for metabolic perturbations in an unbiased manner. The results showed significant segregation of dosed versus control samples and highlighted lactate levels as being significantly altered in subjects after APAP dosing. To follow up on this result, targeted quantitative profiling of selected metabolites was performed. Lactate concentrations along with 20 more readily AUY-922 identifiable metabolites

were determined using the Chenomx NMR database. No statistically significant perturbations were observed in any of the metabolites except for lactate. The lactate trend test indicates a significant increase in lactate abundance in cases relative to controls (P < 0.005). A time course graph of targeted profile metabolite concentrations can be seen in Fig. 5A,B. A sharp increase appears at 6 hours after dose. Lactate levels appear highly variable at 18 hours, then show a consistent rise from 24-72 hours before dropping back to Fenbendazole basal levels at 96 hours after dose. These changes in lactate concentration were not observed in controls. Consistent with our

hypothesis, we were able to identify changes in the transcriptome of PB cells in subjects treated with a single dose of APAP that did not produce liver injury as detected by currently available liver chemistries. Furthermore, these observations are consistent with whole blood transcriptome changes observed in rats and humans exposed to overtly hepatotoxic doses of APAP. Our observations indicate a distinct putative PB transcriptomic signature for a subtoxic dose in humans. Specifically, we observed down-regulation of multiple nuclear DNA encoded and four mitochondrial DNA encoded genes for proteins located in mitochondria, particularly those associated with oxidative phosphorylation. Although this phenomenon was seen most clearly when using the power of pooling the six clinical replicates, we did see this response in individual subjects. Moreover, directed analysis of data from our rat and human overdose subjects revealed a similar effect on oxidative phosphorylation genes. In rats, we found a dose-dependent down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation genes at toxic doses of APAP at 12 and 24 hours, when liver injury had occurred.