For inclusion, subjects had to have a Staurosporine preoperative diagnosis of high grade dysplasia confirmed by the pathology department at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of low grade dysplasia or invasive adenocarcinoma or who underwent esophagectomy

for other indications were excluded. Cases were identified by retrospective review of preoperative pathology reports of biopsy specimens obtained at endoscopy. After identifying the cohort of patients undergoing resection, all available preoperative endoscopy, surgical, and radiology reports for each of the patients was reviewed. Postoperative pathology reports Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were reviewed to determine whether the final pathologic diagnosis remained high grade dysplasia, was upgraded to adenocarcinoma, or was downgraded to low grade or no dysplasia. In an attempt to provide uniformity in diagnosis of high grade dysplasia and carcinoma, all preoperative and postoperative pathology specimens were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reviewed by full time academic pathologist from the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Definitions

Intramucosal carcinoma was defined as neoplasia Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that invaded into the lamina propria or muscularis mucosa but not into the submucosal layer. It is considered stage T1a by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Invasive cancer was defined as neoplasia that invaded into the submucosa or beyond, and is staged as at least T1b. Results A total of 68 patients (12 females and 56 males) underwent esophagectomy with a preoperative diagnosis of high grade dysplasia between 1993 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and 2007. The mean age was 64 years (range 36 to 86 years). The average time between diagnosis of HGD and esophagectomy was 95 days (range 5 to 872 days). Of the 68 patients, on the post operative specimen, 12 (17.6%) had adenocarcinoma, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2 (2.9%) were downgraded to low grade dysplasia, and 54 (79.4%) were confirmed as HGD. Of

the 12 patients with adenocarcinoma, 4 had intramucosal cancer and 8 had invasive cancer with submucosal invasion or more advanced disease (Table 1). Therefore the rate of invasive carcinoma Edoxaban stage T1b or more was 11.7% (8/68). Table 1 TNM staging of subjects with invasive adenocarcinoma In the 8 patients with a postoperative diagnosis of invasive cancer, the size of the tumor ranged from 0.3 cm to 5 cm, with the average 1.86 cm. The TNM staging of the tumors revealed 5 patients with T1bN0Mx, 1 with T1bN1M1, 1 with T3N1M1, and 1 with T3N1M0. The 4 patients with intramucosal cancer had tumor sizes ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 cm, with an average of 0.61 cm. The 2 tumors with T3 staging postoperatively had tumor sizes of 4 cm and 5 cm. The patient with the 4 cm tumor had evidence of malignancy on a preoperative positron emission tomography – computerized tomography (CT) scan. On endoscopic ultrasound, this patient had multiple enlarged thoracic lymph nodes. The patient with the 5 cm tumor had a preoperative CT scan revealing a 3.