Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2000,13(11):1170–1176.PubMedCrossRef 14. Stewart PS, Franklin MJ: Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008,6(3):199–210.PubMedCrossRef 15. Choi KH, Kumar A, Schweizer HP: A 10-min method for preparation of highly electrocompetent Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells: application for DNA fragment transfer between chromosomes and plasmid transformation. J Microbiol Methods 2006,64(3):391–397.PubMedCrossRef 16. Ceri H, Olson ME, Stremick C, Read RR, Morck D, Buret A: The Calgary Biofilm Device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic
susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms. J Clin Microbiol 1999,37(6):1771–1776.PubMed 17. Harrison JJ, Turner RJ, Ceri H: High-throughput metal susceptibility testing of microbial biofilms. BMC Microbiology 2005, 5:53.PubMedCrossRef 18. I-BET-762 in vivo Zuber S, Carruthers
F, Keel C, Mattart A, Blumer C, Pessi G, Gigot-Bonnefoy C, Schnider-Keel U, Heeb S, Reimmann C, Haas D: GacS sensor domains pertinent to the regulation of exoproduct formation and to the biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0. Mol Plant-microbe Interact 2003,16(7):634–644.PubMedCrossRef 19. Heeb S, Haas D: Regulatory roles of the GacS/GacA two-component system in plant-associated and other Gram-negative bacteria. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2001,14(12):1351–1363.PubMedCrossRef 20. Harrison JJ, Ceri H, Yerly J, Stremick CA, Hu Y, Martinuzzi R, Turner RJ: The use of microscopy and three-dimensional Methocarbamol visualization to evaluate the structure of microbial biofilms cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm Device. Biol Procedures Online CFTRinh-172 supplier 2006, 8:194–215.CrossRef 21. Lenski RE, Rose MR, Simpson SC, Tadler SC: Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. Am Nat 1991,138(6):1315–1341.CrossRef 22. Holm S: A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 1979,6(2):65–70. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MLW and RJT designed the study and wrote the manuscript.
MLW performed the experimental work with assistance from SW. HC assisted with study design and data interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Biofilms are PRT062607 molecular weight cell-cell or solid surface-attached assemblages of microbes that are entrenched in a hydrated, self-produced matrix [1]. Bacteria growing in biofilms exhibit increased resistance to antimicrobials and host immune response compared to their freeliving, planktonic counterparts due to several reasons like restricted penetration of antimicrobials into a biofilm, decreased growth rate, and expression of possible resistance genes [2]. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important biofilm forming organism responsible for a wide range of infections placing it among the eight most important nosocomial pathogens [3].