53 In addition to CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, other subsets of regulatory T cells have also been found to express high levels of fgl2. A recent report showed that CD8αα+ regulatory T cells in the intestine of mice over-express fgl2, which was suggested

to play a role in the function of these cells.54 Our laboratory has detected high production of FGL2 protein and fgl2 mRNA in both primary and clones of DN regulatory T cells. Interestingly, high levels of FGL2 were produced by a functional clone of DN T cells, but were undetectable in a non-functional DN T cell clone. Furthermore, increased expression of fgl2 in primary DN T cells correlated with their selleck chem inhibitor suppressive activity in vitro. #http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html keyword# Finally, Anegon et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical found increased expression of fgl2 in CD8+CD45RClow regulatory T cells that mediate allograft tolerance in a rat transplantation model (personal communication). The role of FGL2 in these different types of regulatory T cells is currently being evaluated. In agreement with previous studies, high levels of fgl2 transcripts were detected in Treg cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).35 In fgl2−/− mice, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical an increased number and percentage of Treg cells were found with a greater expression of Foxp3 compared with fgl2+/+ Treg cells; however, the suppressive activity of fgl2−/− Treg cells was significantly impaired.35 Furthermore, antibody to FGL2 completely inhibited the activity of fgl2+/+

Treg cells in vitro, strongly supporting the contention that expression of FGL2 accounts for the suppressive activity of Treg cells.35 Consistent with FGL2 contribution to Treg cell activity, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical targeted deletion of the gene led to an increase in immune reactivity of DC, T cells and B cells, and the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis in aged fgl2−/− mice.35 THE ROLE OF FGL2 IN AN EXPERIMENTAL Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical MODEL OF FULMINANT VIRAL HEPATITIS Our laboratory has extensively studied the role of FGL2 prothrombinase in a model of fulminant hepatitis caused by murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3).45,55–58 Susceptible strains of mice develop a fatal hepatitis that is characterized by intravascular

thrombosis and hepatocellular necrosis; resistant strains of mice survive and clear the virus within 10–14 days of infection. Several lines of evidence suggest that induction Brefeldin_A of FGL2 contributes to the lethality of MHV-3-induced hepatitis. First, only in susceptible BALB/cJ and semi-susceptible C3H/eJ mice is there induction of FGL2 by MHV-3.56,59,60 Of interest, BALB/cJ mice, which express high levels of FGL2, uniformly die of liver failure, whereas surviving C3H mice that express only moderate levels of FGL2 develop chronic hepatitis (Figure 2 and reference 36). In contrast, resistant A/J mice, which fail to produce FGL2 following MHV-3 infection either in vivo or in vitro, all survive and clear the virus (Figure 2 and reference 36).