With this approach there is a high risk of anterior mitral valve leaflet injury, causing severe mitral regurgitation. Transfemoral retrograde approach has been shown to be safer and is now preferred.14–18 Patients are usually placed under general

anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, although sedation and analgesia may be sufficient. After crossing the AV, a balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) is performed using standard techniques in order to pre-dilate the stenotic valve. Simultaneous rapid right ventricular pacing using a temporary selleck chemicals llc pacemaker (usually 180 beats/min), decreasing cardiac output, is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical used to stabilize the balloon during the inflation.19 Because of the large profile of the device, many patients with small or diseased iliofemoral arteries are not Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical eligible for the procedure or are at risk for major vascular complications. An alternative transapical antegrade approach has been proposed; through a left anterolateral minithoracotomy, with the patient under general anesthesia,

the pericardium is opened over the apex. Temporary pacing wires are placed on the left ventricle (LV), the LV apex is punctured, and two pledgeted sutures are placed. A stiff wire is passed to the descending Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical aorta, and BAV is performed. The percutaneous valve is then deployed. As the number of patients screened for TAVI increases, many are found with absolutely no option

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for peripheral artery access. Therefore, Latsios et al. tested the safety and efficacy of the retrograde, minimally invasive, “transaortic” approach of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using the Medtronic CoreValve prosthesis (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) as an alternative minimally invasive surgical access route.20 Two patients were carefully selected from a cohort of 580 patients: two women, aged 93 and 84 years, both Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease. After a mini-sternotomy the ascending aorta was directly punctured. At the end, the access site was surgically sutured with the pre-positioned sutures. The patients were at all times off-pump and without intra-aortic balloon pump. The authors reported that TAVI was successful in both cases, leading to a fall in the transvalvular gradient with no cases of mortality, stroke, or myocardial infarction. The patients were extubated directly after the procedure, mobilized after 4 days, Batimastat and were inhibitor Bosutinib discharged home after 7 and 9 days thereafter. Hospitalization length was 34 days (patient #1) and 24 days (patient #2). These cases may support the notion that on rare occasions, where due to anatomical reasons transfemoral TAVI is not feasible, a minimally invasive “transaortic” approach, as described, provides an alternative option. This line of results follows the report by Bauernschmitt et al.