The tree-level field measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH, mm) of trees larger than 5 cm, diameter at six metres (D6, mm), species, height (H, dm) and crown height (Hc, dm) were carried out in September 2005, in connection with which the trees were also classified as living or dead and belonging to the dominant Site URL List 1|]# or suppressed tree population. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries In addition, the x and y coordinates of all trees were recorded in the field. Stem volumes were calculated using the volume functions of Laasasenaho [24], which included DBH, H and D6 as predictors. Since these functions are intended for use with Scots pine, Norway spruce and birches, the volume estimates for aspens with a diameter at breast height smaller than 20 cm were calculated using the function for birches, whereas those Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries for aspens with a diameter at breast height of 20 cm or larger were obtained using the function for pine, as suggested by Kinnunen et al.

[25]. The stem volumes of the other deciduous trees were Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries calculated with the function for birch.The descriptive statistics for characterization purposes were obtained at the stand level (Table Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries 1). The lowest and highest values obtained for the percentage of aspen in the total Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries stand volume were 13% and 78%, respectively, whereas the percentages of aspen in the total number of trees varied from 3% to 46%.Table 1.Main characteristics of the forest stands.Differentially corrected Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements were used to determine the position of the four corners of each of the 14 plots.

The accuracy of positioning in the x/y direction was about one metre.

Tree locations within a plot were measured using one corner as the origin. Finally, all the trees on each plot were projected into the coordinate system of the ALS data by means of the affine transformation, using the measured Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries corner positions as reference Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries points.2.2. Remote sen
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm., WBP) seeds have long been identified as an important food source for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) and are, therefore, an important element of suitable grizzly bear habitat [1]. WBP also serves as a keystone species GSK-3 because its presence increases the biodiversity of both plant and animal communities throughout the ecosystem [2].

The overall health selleck Olaparib and status of WBP is currently threatened by infestation by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and the spread of whitepine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola).Mapping WBP distribution is integral to the success of long-term monitoring Brefeldin_A since, before we can study, understand and mitigate the mechanisms driving destructive Axitinib purchase agents of WBP, we must first know its distribution across the landscape. Several factors, however, make mapping WBP within the GYE difficult. This area encompasses approximately 57,000 km2, making consistent ground mapping within a reasonable time infeasible.