The resulting maps (Figure 7A) indicate the relation between the contour detection as function of contour saliency and population response across V1. A figure-ground measure (FG-r) was defined by subtracting the average pixel-psychometric correlation in the background area from the average pixel-psychometric correlation in the circle area (Figure 7D). FG-r reflects the difference between the circle and background areas in terms of their relation to the psychometric curve. Nonparametric statistical tests were used, PI3K cancer Mann-Whitney U test to compare between two medians from two populations or the signed-rank test to compare

a population’s median to zero. This work was supported by grants from the DFG: Program of German-Israeli Project cooperation (DIP grant, ref: 185/1-1) and the Israel Science Foundation.

We are grateful to Itay Shamir and Uri Werner-Reiss for helping with the experiments, and to Inbal Ayzenshtat for invaluable comments and discussions throughout the course of this study. “
“(Neuron 77, 58–69; January 9, 2013) In the original Supplemental Information for this Article, the same image was used for both Figure S4 and Figure S5. This has been corrected in the Supplemental click here Information online. “
“(Neuron 78, 65–80; April 10, 2013) In the original online version of this publication, the labels “Presynaptic NMJ” and “Postsynaptic NMJ” were reversed in Figure 1E.

This has been corrected for the online and the print versions. “
“The term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes a set of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. The two major forms of IBD are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease [1]. The highest incidence rates of IBD have been reported in the UK, northern Europe, and North America [2]. This geographical distribution points toward an influence of sunlight exposure on the prevalence of this disease. The proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 play a crucial role in IBD [3] and [4] and treatment with TNFα-blockers is a standard therapy for ulcerative colitis. Patients suffering from IBD have a higher risk to develop colorectal 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl cancer (CRC). In CRC, both TNFα and IL-6 are often overexpressed [5] and [6]. Increasing evidence supports the preventive effect of vitamin D on the development of IBD and CRC [7], but how inflammation affects the local vitamin D system in the colon is less known. In the present study, on the one hand, we examined the influence of two proinflammatory cytokines on the expression of genes involved in vitamin D metabolism, such as CYP27B1, the vitamin D activating enzyme [8], and CYP24A1, the vitamin D catabolizing enzyme. On the other hand, we assessed whether treatment with TNFα and IL-6 would impair the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) on different vitamin D target genes.