The oprL qPCR is applied in screening because of its good sensiti

The oprL qPCR is applied in screening because of its good sensitivity. In case of a doubtful or a positive result, the gyrB/ecfX qPCR is applied in a second time. Interpretation of the gyrB/ecfX qPCR takes into account the quantification found with oprL qPCR. Below the detection threshold of 730 CFU/mL, the oprL qPCR GKT137831 mouse prevails over the gyrB/ecfX qPCR. Conversely, beyond this threshold, the gyrB/ecfX qPCR prevails over the oprL qPCR.

This qPCR-based combined protocol can be adapted for instance in a subgroup of non-sputum producing patients and used for other future prospective studies. Indeed, the initial colonization of P. aeruginosa often occurs in CF patients who do not produce sputum (e.g. mainly children). This qPCR format should therefore be tested on the sample secretions routinely obtained from, e.g. deep throat swabs or endolaryngeal suction. Acknowledgments This study was supported by a grant from the French Cystic Fibrosis Association “Vaincre la Mucoviscidose” (contract No. RCO 1773). This study was presented

in part at the 4th Congress of European Microbiologists FEMS, 26-30 June 2011, Geneva, Switzerland. The authors thank Jocelyne Caillon, and Alain Michault for providing some of the isolates used in this study. We are indebted to Zarrin Alavi for critical reading of the manuscript. References 1. Ballmann M, Rabsch P, von der Hardt H: Long-term RO4929097 concentration follow up of changes in FEV1 and treatment intensity during Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1998,53(9):732–737.PubMedCrossRef 2. Ciofu O, Riis B, Pressler T, Poulsen HE, Hoiby N: Occurrence of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients is associated with the oxidative stress caused by chronic lung inflammation. Antimicrob Agents Niclosamide Chemother 2005,49(6):2276–2282.PubMedCrossRef 3. Nixon GM, Armstrong DS, Carzino R, Carlin JB, Olinsky A, Robertson CF, Grimwood K: Clinical outcome

after early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2001,138(5):699–704.PubMedCrossRef 4. Oliver A, Mena A: Bacterial hypermutation in cystic fibrosis, not only for antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol see more Infect 2010,16(7):798–808.PubMedCrossRef 5. Stuart B: Early eradication of pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respi Rev 2010,11(3):177–184.CrossRef 6. Gibson RL, Burns JL, Ramsey BW: Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003,168(8):918–951.PubMedCrossRef 7. Hoiby N, Frederiksen B, Pressler T: Eradication of early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J Cyst Fibros 2005,4(Suppl 2):49–54.PubMedCrossRef 8. Valerius NH, Koch C, Hoiby N: Prevention of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in cystic fibrosis by early treatment. Lancet 1991,338(8769):725–726.PubMedCrossRef 9.

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