But this did not associate with C3-dependent internalisation. Most strains studied were resistant to the lytic effects of complement (Table 1). Table 1 Phenotyping of E. coli urine isolates. Strains Internalisation rate (NHS/HIS) Type1-

fimbriae P-fimbriae CNF1 Serum resistance α-Haemolysin J96 25 P P P P P Internalised             U1 9.2 P P P P P U2 6.5 P N P P P U3 14.3 P N P P N U4 5.5 P N N P N U5 5.1 P N N P N U6 15.1 P N N P N U7 23.5 P N N P N Non-internalised             U8 2.1 P N P P P U9 0.55 P N P P P U10 0.83 N P P P P U11 1.5 N N N P N U12 1.2 N GSK2118436 manufacturer N N P N U13 1.9 N N N P N U14 3.25 N N N P N U15 1.375 N N N N N U16

0.47 N N N N N In 16 urine E. coli isolates, bacterial virulence factors (including type-1, P fimbriae, CNF1, serum resistance, and PI3K inhibitor α-Haemolysin) were examined to determine their correlation to C3-dependent internalisation (P positive, N negative). All experiments were repeated at least three times. Table 2 The association between virulence factors and C3-dependent internalisation in urine isolates. Bacterial virulence factors Strains demonstrating C3-dependent internalisation Strains not demonstrating C3-dependent internalisation Fischer’s exact test Type 1 fimbriae 7/7 (100%) 2/9 (22.2%) P = 0.0032* P fimbriae 1/7 (14.3%) 1/9 (11.1%) nsd CNF1 3/7 (42.9%) 3/9 (33.3%) nsd Serum resistance 7/7 (100%) 7/9 (77.8%) nsd Haemolysin 2/7 (28.6%) 3/9 (33.3%) nsd The strength of association between virulence factors and C3-dependent internalisation was determined using Fischer’s exact test. In fifteen blood isolates, type 1 fimbriae were also learn more expressed by all of the isolates demonstrating C3-dependent internalisation (P = 0.0338, Fischer’s exact test) (table 3 and 4). A greater proportion of blood isolates expressed invasion factors such as P fimbriae and α-haemolysin than urine isolates, as would be predicted from previous reports [19, 20], however their presence did not correlate Resveratrol with C3-dependent

internalisation. Table 3 Phenotyping of E. coli blood isolates. Strains Internalisation rate (NHS/HIS) Type 1- fimbriae P- fimbriae CNF1 Serum resistance α-Haemolysin J96 25 P P P P P Internalised             B1 6.3 P P P P P B2 33 P P P P P B3 19 P N N P N Non-internalised             B4 3.5 P P P P P B5 3.3 P P N P P B6 3.0 N P N P P B7 1.2 N P N P P B8 1.5 N P N P N B9 2 N P N P N B10 1.2 N P N P N B11 0.7 N N P P P B12 1.3 N N N P P B13 1 N N N P N B14 0.5 N N N P N B15 2.2 N N N P N In 15 blood isolates, bacterial virulence factors (including type-1, P fimbriae, CNF1, serum resistance, and α-Haemolysin) were examined to determine their correlation to C3-dependent internalisation (P positive, N negative).