Scanning was performed Fulvestrant concentration using a 3T MRI Trio (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany). Each fMRI scan was acquired using a standard multislice single-shot gradient echo echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence with the following parameters: TR = 2.2 seconds, TE = 35 ms, 64 × 64 matrix, parallel imaging factor of 2, 3 × 3 × 3 mm voxels, 280 volumes, 36 ascending transverse slices with approximate anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) alignment. After each volume was acquired, it was automatically exported in DICOM format from the MRI scanner computer to a separate computer for in-scan

processing. Turbo-BrainVoyager (TBV) 2.0 software (Maastricht, The Netherlands) was used to perform in-scan processing. Real-time prestatistical processing included motion correction and spatial smoothing using a Gaussian kernel of 8.0 mm full width half maximum (FWHM). No feedback motor imagery fMRI scans were acquired using a block design paradigm to provide participant-specific activation, to guide ROI placement for the following RTfMRIf acquisitions. Toward the end of the no feedback motor imagery scan, a 7-slice ROI was selected for activation in the left-hemisphere (using

a t value threshold of 3, with cluster threshold size of 4), visually approximated to be premotor cortex (see Fig 2 and Fig S2). The following settings were used for generating neurofeedback: average feedback values to calculate feedback value = 2 timepoints for continuous feedback paradigm and 6 timepoints for intermittent feedback paradigm, selleck chemicals llc maximum percent signal change (PSC) of feedback bar = 2, general linear model (ROI-GLM) baseline enabled for stable baseline estimation, dynamic ROI enabled using best voxel selection of top 33% (effectively creates a sub-ROI to give better signal extraction from a coarse anatomical ROI selection and with small alignment errors within and between scans). The experimental paradigm and feedback were

presented with a mirrored-projector system, using EPrime 2.0 software learn more (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA). Thermometer bar images were exported from the analysis computer (running TBV software) to the presentation computer (running EPrime software) for the real feedback conditions, or thermometer bar images were taken from a precreated folder on the presentation computer (full-range set of thermometer images selected by fixed randomization) for the false feedback conditions. Data were excluded if motion greater than 3 mm or if no activation was seen in the no feedback ROI localizer scan during post-hoc fMRI analysis. As TBV is an operational software with limited capacity for post-hoc analysis, time series extraction was performed using FSL 4.1.5 (Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Oxford, UK).