Regeneration plants of F. pennsylvanica were analysed in summer 2007 in the Biosphere Reserve Mittlere Elbe in Saxony-Anhalt

(Germany). The reserve includes the Elbe River floodplain forests which have a high dominance of this invasive species. The occurrences of more than one regeneration plant were mapped in three forest parts where there was a main appearance of F. pennsylvanica. The plants with a height >20 cm were determined by plots of 4 m2 (four squares of 1 × 1 m) and allocated four different habitat types: forest (floodplain forest with closed canopy), forest edge (transition between forest and grassland or between forest and forest track), floodway (depression with periodical or permanent flooding) and lane (travelled or untravelled forest tracks and their marginal strip). For all plants we measured the plant height. The buoyancy differed considerably between the two ash species (Fig. see more 1 and Table 1). The first F. excelsior samaras had

already sunk to the bottom of the beaker after 2 h. After 9 h 80% of the samaras still floated, whereas after 24 h it was only 10%. By contrast, the first sunken F. pennsylvanica samaras were only observed after 24 h (90% still floated). After 3 days 18% of the samaras were still floating. Upon termination of the buoyancy test after one week some samaras of both F. excelsior and F. pennsylvanica were still floating. No seeds of either of GDC-0199 datasheet the examined species germinated during the buoyancy test. The number of sunken samaras plotted against time can reasonably be described for both tree species by a logistic function (Eq. (1)) (R2 = 0.999, χ2/df = 6.395 for F. excelsior and R2 = 0.999, Branched chain aminotransferase χ2/df = 0.355 for F. pennsylvanica).

From this function the half-value period x0 was calculated. The outcome for F. excelsior was 12.6 ± 0.16 h (corresponding to 0.5 days) compared to 46.7 ± 0.16 h (corresponding to 1.9 days) for F. pennsylvanica. Accordingly, F. pennsylvanica samaras are buoyant an average of four times longer than those of F. excelsior. Using the results of the buoyancy test it was possible to estimate dispersal distances for hydrochorous dispersal. Distances were calculated using the fitting function (Eq. (1)) of the buoyancy test and a virtual stream with a mean flow velocity of 3.5 km/h (Fig. 2). This flow velocity is a typical low velocity flow characteristic of European streams. In this example, 50% of the F. excelsior samaras were transported over 44 km. The corresponding distance for F. pennsylvanica was 163 km, four times longer. Long distance dispersal, in this case the distance 10% of the samaras can float, was 314 km for F. pennsylvanica compared to only 76 km for F. excelsior. Wind dispersal was found to be less efficient. According to our simulation, most seeds are probably to be dispersed less than 100 m of the mother plant (Fig.