rder to reliable determine the fold changes. The expression of each target gene is presented as fold change normalised to the www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html reference gene ubiquitin and relative to the untreated con trol sample. Primers for qPCR were designed using the Primer3 Plus software based on published EST and gene sequences. Primer sequences together with the used re spective EST and gene accession numbers are listed in Additional file 4. Chromosomal localisation of the gene TaMDR1 in wheat A set of nullisomic tetrasomic lines of the spring wheat cultivar Chinese Spring Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries obtained from the Wheat Genetic and Genomic Resources Center, Kansas State University were used to determine the chromo somal location of the TaMDR1 gene in wheat. Primers designed for qPCR analysis were used for TaMDR1 gene amplification.

Abiotic or environmental stresses Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries such as drought, heat, salinity and cold are major impediments to plant sur vival and productivity in many parts of the world. Plants respond to abiotic stress conditions through diverse bio chemical and physiological processes such as accumula tion of osmolytes and proteins, reduction in stomatal conductance, increase in photorespiration and general re duction in growth rate. Osmotic adjustment is one of the common mechanisms of plant response to abiotic stress signals. Water availability is the limiting factor common to all abiotic stresses. As the water potential of the soil water decreases, plants accumulate solutes to reduce the os motic potential and to maintain water uptake.

Several inorganic solutes such as K, Na, Cl and organic solutes such as total soluble sugars, proline, glycine betaine and mannitol are involved in osmotic adjustment. Stress con ditions also lead to accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and super oxide. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries ascorbate peroxidase and catalase help pro tect plants cells from the harmful effects of ROS. Ex pression of several detoxification enzymes was shown to increase under stress conditions. Several studies of transcriptional responses to abiotic stress using microarrays have identified stress indu cible genes that often belong to one of two groups, based on the functions of their gene products.

Genes belonging to group 1 are mainly involved in water trans port, cellular membrane protection and in tegrity under stress conditions, scavenging of free oxygen radicals, and protecting macromolecules. The sec ond group consists Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of genes that encode regulatory proteins and pro teins involved in signal transduction. Stress induced transcription factors are classified into two classes, ABA dependent and ABA independent. Anacetrapib The ABA dependent transcription factors include MYC MYB and ABA Seliciclib Sigma responsive element binding ABA binding fac tor and the ABA independent transcription factors are dehydration responsive element binding C repeat binding factors belonging to the ethylene responsive factor APETALA2 family.