Individuals of these two species were sampled over the mountain areas of the Balkan Peninsula and genetically analysed using allozyme electrophoresis. Additionally, we ABT-263 inhibitor performed species distribution models (SDMs) to simulate the distribution patterns of both species in the past (i.e. during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Atlanticum). Our genetic data show contrasting structures, with comparatively low genetic differentiation but high genetic diversity found in E.ottomana, and with stronger genetic differentiation and a lower level of genetic diversity, including many endemic alleles, occurring
restricted to single mountain massifs in E.cassioides. The SDMs support a downhill shift during glacial periods, especially for E.ottomana, with possible interconnection among mountain regions. We conclude that during the cold glacial phases, both species are assumed to shift downhill, but persisted at different elevations, with E.ottomana reaching the foothills and spreading over major parts of the Balkan Peninsula. In contrast, E.cassioides (the truly alpine species) survived in the foothills, but did not reach and 3-MA clinical trial spread over lowland areas. This more widespread distribution at the Balkan Peninsula of E.ottomana compared with E.cassioides is strongly supported by our distribution models. As a consequence, long-term geographic
restriction to distinct mountain massifs in E.cassioides versus panmixia in
E.ottomana produced two contrasting evolutionary scenarios.(c) 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 112, 569-583.”
“Background: In the U.S., Latino and Asian American immigrants and ethnic minorities may be at increased risk for alcohol and drug use disorders (AUDs/DUDs). The role of psychosocial and contextual characteristics as potential factors underlying this increased risk is unresolved. Methods: Participants include 4649 adults CAL-101 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between acculturation, acculturative stress, neighborhood characteristics, family characteristics, and discrimination and AUDs/DUDs. Models were stratified by age of immigration and ethnicity and controlled for demographic and mental health characteristics. Results: Overall, 9.6% of Latino and 4.1% of Asian participants met criteria for lifetime AUDs/DUDs. Acculturation, family conflict, and discrimination were positively associated with AUDs/DUDs (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [95%CIs]: 1.80[1.54-2.09], 1.24[1.12-1.36], and 1.54[1.38-1.73]), while neighborhood safety and family cohesion were protective for AUDs/DUDs (ORs[95%CIs]: 0.75[0.66-0.85] and 0.79[0.69-0.90]). Acculturative stress and neighborhood cohesion were not related to AUDs/DUDs.