Genome Res 2003, 13:2498–2504.PubMedCrossRef 73. Yin R, Tian F, Frankenberger B, de Angelis MH, Stoeger T: Selection and evaluation of stable housekeeping genes for gene expression normalization in carbon nanoparticle-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2010, 399:531–536.PubMedCrossRef 74. Konstantinidou V, Covas MI, Munoz-Aguayo D, Khymenets O, de la Torre R, Saez G, Tormos Mdel C, Toledo E, Marti A, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, et al.: In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame

of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB J 2010, 24:2546–2557.PubMedCrossRef 75. Rieu I, Powers SJ: Real-time quantitative RT-PCR: design, calculations, and statistics. Plant Cell 2009, 21:1031–1033.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JF, CHW designed the experiments, supervised selleck chemicals the research and wrote the paper, TNK contributed reagents and wrote the paper, LW, SV, JXZ, and AS did experiments and/or data analysis.”
“Background Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic

gram-negative helical-shaped bacterium that infects approximately 30% of the population in developed countries and up to 90% of the population in developing countries [1, 2]. The standard treatment of H. pylori infection, triple therapy, consists of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), or ranitidine bismuth

AZD5363 clinical trial citrate, administered for one or two weeks [3, 4]. Amoxicillin, clarithromycin (or azithromycin), imidazoles (metronidazole or tinidazole), levofloxacin and tetracycline are the antibiotics used in the first and second line treatments. Brigatinib Options for third and subsequent line therapies include rifabutin and furazolidone-based regimes [5]. Recent protocols, such as the so-called sequential therapy, seem more successful than triple therapy; such treatment employs three antibiotics and a PPI and lasts for 10 days [6]. In 2011, Malfertheiner et al. [7] proposed a quadruple therapy (two antibiotics, tetracycline and metronidazole, PPI and bismuth) as a first line treatment because of the increasing prevalence of clarithromycin resistant strains. Treatment failure is observed in MTMR9 10%-23% of patients [4, 8] and is mainly due to loss of antibiotic efficacy; in particular, the worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance rates in 2010 were 17.2% for clarithromycin, 26.7% for metronidazole, 11.2% for amoxicillin, 16.2% for levofloxacin, 5.9% for tetracycline and 9.6% for multiple antibiotics [9]. This dramatic fall in the eradication rates [10] strongly indicates the need to improve current therapeutic strategies and to develop new drugs, such as non-antibiotic substances [11–13]. Vitor and Vale [14] reviewed the study of alternative therapies, mainly probiotics and phytomedicine, for H. pylori infection.