For the x = 0.09 as-deposited sample, the k values are lower and annealing (and hence crystallization into predominantly

tetragonal or cubic phase) Batimastat solubility dmso produces the higher k values. It is possible that the dielectric relaxation behavior observed is due to the level of stress in the crystalline grains, depending on the grain size, analogous to the behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. Figure 8 XTEM (a,b), XRD (c), and k- f data (d) of annealed and as-deposited samples. (a) XTEM of annealed La0.09Zr0.91O2 sample. (b) XTEM of annealed La0.35Zr0.65O2 sample. (c) XRD of as-deposited La x Zr 1−x O2−δ. (d) k-f data of as-deposited and annealed La x Zr 1−x O2−δ[52]. An interesting correlation of CeO2 as high-k thin film between grain size and dielectric relaxation was further discussed afterwards [57]. Figure 9a,b AG-120 purchase shows XRD diffraction patterns for the as-deposited and annealed samples, respectively. PDA in vacuum at 800°C for 15 min causes an increase in the size of the crystalline grains. The grain size of the annealed sample (9.55 nm) is larger than the original sample (8.83 nm). In order to investigate the frequency dispersion for CeO2, normalized dielectric constant in Figure 9b is quantitatively utilized to characterize the dielectric constant variation. It is observed that the dielectric relaxation for the as-deposited sample (triangle symbol) is much serious than

the annealed one (square symbol). The smaller the grain size, the more intense is the dielectric Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II relaxation. These findings are in good agreement with the theoretical and experimental studies proposed by Yu et al. [86], which reported the effect of grain size on the ferroelectric

relaxor behavior in CaCu3TiO12 (CCTO) ceramics (shown in inset of Figure 9b). The dielectric relaxation for the small grain size sample is the worst. The effect of grain size mainly originates from higher GDC-0068 clinical trial surface stress in smaller grain due to its higher concentration of grain boundary. Surface stress in grain is high, medium and low for the small, medium, and large grain size CCTO samples. As surface stress increases, the glasslike transition temperature decreases considerably. It is attributed to the enhancement of the correlations among polar nanodomains. Figure 9 XRD of (a) and normalized dielectric constants (b) for as-deposited and annealed CeO 2 samples. (b) Under different frequencies [57]. XRD diffraction patterns for the as-deposited CeO2 thin films at 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350°C, respectively, are shown in the inset of Figure 10a [57]. The grain size value is obtained in Figure 10a using the Scherrer formula based on the XRD data. There is a clear trend that the grain size increases with increasing deposition temperatures. In Figure 10b, large dielectric relaxation is observed for the sample of 6.13 nm (diamond symbol) [57]. When the deposition temperature increases, the dielectric relaxation is even worse for the sample of 6.69 nm (square symbol).