For example, it is difficult for drivers to find Site URL List 1|]# timely vacant parking spaces, and navigation assistance is not available when Global Positioning System (GPS) does not work well. As a consequence, parking Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries difficulties result in unnecessary driving around city center to just look for a parking space. This therefore, on the one hand, causes extra carbon dioxide emissions and deteriorates the environment of the city ecosystem. This is especially true when many people are simultaneously looking for parking places in a downtown area at peak rush hours. On the other hand, it also increases the risk of traffic accidents when drivers have to search for parking spaces while driving.

In addition, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries unpredictable parking situations make it difficult for people to plan their mobility.

All of these degrade the modern city ecosystem experience, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and have become a critical challenge in the development of future intelligent transportation systems (ITS) [1].Most Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries parking systems in use automatically detect the arrival and departure of vehicles using various sensors, and can display Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries current parking Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries space occupancy information. With these systems, however, a user could not proactively reserve a parking space. Guidance from the current location to a parking facility, i.e., on-road navigation, is widely used with a Portable Navigation Device (PND) or smartphone, which is equipped with a GPS receiver [2,3]. However, GPS positioning is not available indoors or underground where most urban parking lots are located.

As a result, current parking systems cannot provide indoor navigation Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries functionality within a parking lot.

Advanced technologies and novel Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries approaches have to be adopted to create a user-friendly Carfilzomib parking experience. Smartphone indoor positioning solutions have been studied in recent years [4�C8], but such applications are yet to be substantiated. As a latest initiative, the In-Location Alliance was recently launched to promote deployment of location-based Drug_discovery indoor services and solutions, and the alliance was formed by 22 Member companies, including NOKIA, Qualcomm, Broadcom, etc. [9]. As the smartphone is one of the most used personal mobile devices, it is practical and cost-efficient to utilize a smartphone platform to develop a novel intelligent parking solution.

This paper presents the development of an intelligent smartphone parking service called iParking.

Based on the existing infrastructure, the iParking service selleck chemical DAPT secretase uses the features of the accurate indoor positioning capability of a smartphone, and it includes novel accurate indoor location-based functionalities selleck inhibitor such as indoor parking navigation and intelligent information services. In this paper, the used smartphone indoor positioning solution is introduced in brief, and the iParking service is also demonstrated in a real parking facility at a shopping mall.