Duration of HB reflex (T-apnoe) was continuously reduced as body temperature rose during experiment. Compared to normothermic controls, animals with fever had significant shortening of T-apnoe at 240 min and 300 min after LPS administration. Fever was further accompanied by a reduction

in the strength of HB reflex (inhibitory ratio, IR). In comparison with controls, significant decrease of IR was observed at 300 min after LPS injection. Conclusion: altered neural control of breathing selleck compound demonstrated by decreased power of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex in conditions of LPS-induced fever may facilitate thermal tachypnoea and/or play a role in the origin of respiratory instability accompanying febrile response. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“To the Editor: Katz et al. (May 2 issue)(1) assessed functional outcomes of meniscectomy versus physical therapy in patients with a meniscal tear and osteoarthritis. The primary outcome was the change in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities

Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) physical-function score, and a secondary outcome was pain. But in efforts to assess the benefits of an intervention aimed at restoring meniscal function, more specific tools for meniscectomy, such as the Lysholm score(2) or the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score,(3) would appear to have been more appropriate. Second, osteoarthritis was defined according to the radiography-based criteria of Kellgren …”
“Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was the original C59 wnt mw cytokine, ifenprodil described almost 50 years ago and has since been revealed to be an important player in pro-inflammatory diseases. Recent work using MIF mouse models has revealed new roles for MIF. In this review, we present an increasing body of evidence

implicating the key pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF in specific biological activities related directly to cancer growth or contributing towards a microenvironment favouring cancer progression.”
“Environmental factors play an important role in the seasonal adaptation of body mass and thermogenesis in small, wild mammals. To determine the contributions of photoperiod and cold on seasonal changes in energy metabolism and body mass, the resting metabolic rates (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), energy intake and gut morphology of the tree shrews were determined in winter and summer and in laboratory acclimated animals. Body mass, RMR and NST increased in winter, and these changes were mimicked by exposing animals to short-day photoperiod or cold in the animal house. Energy intake and digested energy also increased significantly in winter, and also during exposure of housed animals to both short-day photoperiod and cold. The lengths and weights of small intestine increased in winter.