Cystic tumors

may be hypocellular, and result in false negative results. Five to six separate FNAs may be necessary to achieve maximal accuracy compared to only two to three for other organ targets. It has been recommended that for optimal results, a pancreatic mass should be sampled with seven aspirations (1,17,18). If an onsite pathologist/cytologist is present to assess Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical adequacy, the number of aspirations required may be reduced (19). Needle gauge does not appear to make a difference. Follow up Every effort should be made to review follow up as well as previous pathology on patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Subsequent repeat cytologic biopsy specimens that are diagnostic, as well as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical correlation with the surgical specimens (if available) should be routinely performed. Also, information should be available to compare patient outcomes with the diagnoses previously rendered. Conclusions There are two major indications for pancreatic FNA, evaluation of a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pancreatic mass, and documentation of malignancy prior to chemotherapy. Acknowledgements Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
A 49-year old male with a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection had initially presented 11 years ago with itching and burning in the perianal region.

He was diagnosed at that time with anal condylomata, and since then he has undergone several surgeries for excision of anal condylomata and repair of anal fistulae. Approximately eight years after the diagnosis of anal condylomata, pathology from a condyloma excision demonstrated the presence of high grade squamous dysplasia and CIS. Two years later (approximately Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 10 years after the original diagnosis of anal condylomata), the patient developed a right anterior

lateral fistula of the anus with recurrent condylomata, and excision was performed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with pathology again demonstrating high grade squamous dysplasia. Within one month of his surgery, the patient developed severe rectal pain and bleeding. Physical exam was limited at this time due to patient discomfort. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis demonstrated circumferential thickening of the anal canal measuring up to 1.7-cm, along with an 8.0-cm × 6.3-cm heterogeneously enhancing left perirectal first mass Selisistat concentration consistent with a lymph node conglomerate. Examination under anesthesia and proctoscopy were performed, demonstrating a 3.0-cm nodule at the anal verge associated with an 8.0-cm area of ulceration that extended to the distal rectum. Biopsies of the nodule and throughout the area of ulceration were performed. Pathology demonstrated the presence of a high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell type, with associated squamous CIS (Figures 1,​,2).2).