BP and TM gave valuable advices about the whole experiments and manuscript as supervisors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Tungsten bronze nanoparticles such

as tungsten trioxide doped with alkali metals have selective optical absorption properties in the near-infrared region, leading to the synthesis of various morphologies and new compounds including nanorods [1, 2], nanowires [3], and nanosheets [4]. Although the optical characteristics of solutions including tungsten selleck chemical bronze compounds have been previously analyzed [5], additional data are essential to fully understand the absorption and reflection-induced optical characteristics for the composite coating film application. This study has attempted to clarify the near-infrared absorption characteristics learn more of the film using a theoretical model that considers the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)-induced absorption [6], scattering [7] caused by nanoparticles, and an interlayer refractive index-induced reflection [8]. Absorption characteristics in the near-infrared region generally originate from the LSPR and can be predicted using the Mie-Gans theory [9] with the following factors proving influential: the aspect ratio [5], the electron deficiency [10, 11] of the tungsten

bronze compounds according to nonstoichiometric compositions, the types of doped positive-ion metals [12, 13], and the purity of the tungsten bronze compounds as determined by the annealing condition [14]. Although these parameters are well defined, they focus on rather qualitative aspects confined to the material itself. The optical characteristics based on quantitative data such as

the number of nanoparticles, the interference of the medium, and the internanoparticle distance must be understood. Niclosamide Therefore, this study quantitatively defined these parameters based on simulated results and plotted a spectrum ranging from the visible to the near-infrared region using correlations with a theoretical model. Because simultaneously observing the selective optical transmittance in both the visible and near-infrared regions is difficult, the two regions have been analyzed using a single index, the solar transmittance selectivity. In particular, the effects of primary factors such as the internanoparticle nanodistance have been analyzed using a theoretical model-based optical spectrum. This investigation utilized theoretically required quantitative relations and sought ways to mTOR inhibitor enhance the processability. To fabricate films with a low haze, different processing conditions were tested. For these studies, a film was fabricated from nonstoichiometric cesium-doped tungsten trioxide (Cs0.33WO3) nanoparticles synthesized using a solid reaction [15] and bead milling method [16] using a composite layer coating and a novel double layer coating. Then, the optical absorption characteristics from the visible to near-infrared regions were compared to examine the effect of distance between Cs0.