A. avenae subsp. citrulli AAC00-1 contained insertion sequences and

homologues to general metabolism proteins whose exact functions are unknown. D. acidovorans SPH-1 and C. testosteroni KF-1 contain a predicted czc [Cd/Zn/Co] efflux system [31, 32] JQ1 in vitro in their variable regions. The novel element in Acidovorax sp. JS42 contains genes that show similarity to a multidrug resistance pump and insertion sequences [InterPro Scan] in this region. In the variable region in B. petrii DSM 12804 there are various proteins that are putatively involved in degradation, however their exact function is unknown. Burkholderia pseudomallei MSHR346 has genes that are putatively involved in xenobiotic metabolism; however again their exact function is unknown. Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2 plasmid pPNAP01 contains a putative antibiotic resistance pump and metabolism proteins whose role have not been identified. Diaphorobacter sp. TPSY contains a predicted czc [Cd/Zn/Co] efflux system similar to those in D. acidovorans SPH-1 and C. testosteroni KF-1. The second D. acidovorans

SPH-1 contains a copper resistance system Cop related to that of Pseudomonas syringae. The genes in this system are laid out in the following order copSR copABFCD. copSR is a two-component signal transduction system, which is required for the copper-inducible expression of copper resistance [53]. CopA and CopC are abundant periplasmic copper binding proteins, and CopB is associated with copper accumulation in the Selleck NVP-AUY922 outer membrane. No specific function for CopD has been determined yet [54]. CopF is involved in the cytoplasmic detoxification of copper ions [55]. In the novel element associated with Shewanella sp. ANA-3 the variable region encodes genes that shares similarities with a chloramphenicol efflux pump [InterPro Scan]. C. litoralis KT71 and P. aeruginosa 2192 have a putative resistance nodulation division [RND] type multidrug efflux pump related to the mex system of P. aeruginosa [56] and the oqx system of E. coli plasmid pOLA52 [57] encoded. Apart from antibiotics, the broad substrate range of the Mex

efflux systems of P. aeruginosa also includes HA-1077 nmr organic solvents, biocides, dyes, and cell signalling molecules [58]. In the ICE of P. aeruginosa PA7 this variable region encodes homologs of genes for antibiotic resistance including neomycin/kanamycin resistance, bleomycin resistance, and streptomycin resistance related to the antibiotic resistance genes from Tn5 [U00004]. There are also a set of genes with similarity to the kdpFABC system. The KdpFABC complex acts as a high affinity K+ uptake system. In E. coli, the complex is synthesized when the constitutively expressed low affinity K+ uptake systems Trk and Kup can no longer meet the cell’s demand for potassium due to external K+ limitation Altendorf et al., 1992 K. Altendorf, A. Siebers and W. Epstein, The KDP ATPase of Escherichia coli, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 671 (1992), pp. 228-243.