the root surface. Within the nematodes esophageal gland cells, differ ent proteins are produced to help the nematode estab lish a feeding site. Some of the proteins secreted by the nematode are injected into host cells and cause modifi cation of the plant cells to form giant cells. Other pro teins secreted by the nematode may interact with the hosts extracellular receptors mean to influence signal trans duction. Similarly, gene expression is altered in the cells that are selected to be the feeding sites of the soybean cyst Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries nematode. Klink et al. demonstrated that numer ous changes in gene expression occur in roots and in syncytial cells in soybean roots infected by either com patible or incompatible populations of soybean cyst nematodes.

They used microarrays to study gene expres sion in laser capture microdissected syncytium cells for susceptible Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and resistant reactions of soybean during infection with soybean cyst nematode. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Many genes were shown to be up and down regulated in both susceptible and resistant responses. Also, they identified many genes that are involved in plant pathogen interactions, which provided new insights into the interaction between the cyst nematode and its host plant. In another microarray study by Klink et al. distinct expression patterns at different developmental stages of the SCN feeding site were detected in gene expression studies of syncytial cells collected by LCM from SCN susceptible and resis tant soybean cultivars. Gene expression patterns at the first stage were found to be similar in both the suscepti ble and resistant reactions, when the nematode first attempts to establish itself in the host.

This stage is called the parasitism phase. The second stage depends on the defense response of the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries host plant. If the soybean plant exhibits resistance to the parasite, the nematode will fail to establish and will develop very slowly or die. If the plant is not resistant to the nematode, the soybean host and SCN are compatible and the nematode will establish its permanent feeding site. Using microarray analysis Ithal et al. studied transcript expression in syncytium cells induced by SCN in soybean roots after infection. They reported that several pathways are involved in the induction of syncytia. For example, genes involved in solidifying and lignifying the cell wall of the syncytium were shown to be up regulated.

Entinostat Inter estingly, they also reported down regulation of the plant defense system, download the handbook specifically the pathway leading to jas monic acid. On the other hand, Klink et al. exam ined the response of a resistant cultivar of soybean against SCN by studying gene expression using microar rays. The levels of transcripts of genes encoding enzymes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, phenyl propanoid biosynthesis, suberin biosynthesis, adenosyl methionine biosynthesis, ethylene biosynthesis from methionine, flavonoid biosynthesis and the methionine salvage pathway were greatly altered during the defense response of soybean