(c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The failure mode of torsion beam rear suspension under service conditions was investigated, which refers to the identification of the failure position and failure critical loads because the failure of automobile structures was mainly caused by fatigue. Service loading histories, in the form of wheel loads (forces BMN 673 and moments) and strains of critical regions were measured on a test track of a proving ground. Failure position was determined by comparing the damage values of the critical regions calculated with linear damage rule, while critical loads were determined by the correlation analysis between wheel loads and strain of failure position. The

results Navitoclax of damage comparison and correlation analysis indicate that fatigue failure

occurs on the torsion beam near the welding seam between it and reinforcing part and could be attributable to vertical forces on the wheel, especially the difference between left and right wheel which introduced an additional torque on the beam. The correctness of the deduced failure mode was demonstrated by conducting fatigue tests on MTS 6DOF road load simulator under all wheel loads and only vertical forces. The conclusion could be helpful for the design and developing load spectrum for accelerated durability test of this kind rear suspension. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Dysfunctional progenitor and luminal cells with acquired basal cell properties accumulate during human mammary epithelial aging for reasons not understood. Multipotent progenitors from women aged smaller than 30 years were exposed to a physiologically relevant range of matrix elastic modulus (stiffness). Increased stiffness causes a differentiation bias towards myoepithelial cells while reducing production of luminal cells and progenitor maintenance. Lineage find more representation in progenitors from women bigger than 55 years is unaffected by physiological stiffness changes. Efficient activation of Hippo pathway transducers YAP and TAZ is required for the modulus-dependent

myoepithelial/basal bias in younger progenitors. In older progenitors, YAP and TAZ are activated only when stressed with extraphysiologically stiff matrices, which bias differentiation towards luminal-like phenotypes. In vivo YAP is primarily active in myoepithelia of younger breasts, but localization and activity increases in luminal cells with age. Thus, aging phenotypes of mammary epithelia may arise partly because alterations in Hippo pathway activation impair microenvironment-directed differentiation and lineage specificity.”
“N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, which mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in mammalian brains. Calcium permeation triggered by activation of NMDA receptors is the pivotal event for initiation of neuronal plasticity.