There is truth in the folk wisdom that, “Laugh and the World JQ1 chemical structure laughs with you; weep, and you weep alone.” The evolutionary origin of the concealment, of negative affect, derives from the behavioral ecology of pairwise contests, and probably goes back hundreds of millions of years. In a confrontation between two equally matched rivals, there is a lot of signaling of size and strength and determination to win.32 Clearly, it is in the interest of each contestant to know the determination of the other, because if he were able to say to himself, “If only I can hold out for 10 more minutes without giving in, I

know that, my opponent, will then give in,” this knowledge will give him enormous advantage in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical fight. Therefore, each contestant will be motivated to hide any suggestion of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical being about, to give in until the actual moment, of doing so. Since negative affect is the result, of punishment, and associated with the appeasement display of giving in, the capacity to conceal negative affect is likely to be selected for. This evolved

capacity is augmented by training, and even by surgery as when the nerves and muscles of the upper lip Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are incised to prevent the telltale lip quivering of fear, and so to maintain a “stiff upper lip.” The same applies to the social aspects of prestige competition, when individuals try to present themselves as competent and in charge of the social situation. In most cultures, in order to promote their own social advantage, people like to associate with successful others, and avoid those who show signs of failure. Indeed, in our own culture it, has been found that depressed and anxious individuals are found to be socially aversive and are avoided Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by others.59,60 On the other hand, there are cultures Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in which the demonstration of tearfulness is encouraged; among the Chewong,61

an aboriginal tribe in Malaya, the gods and ancestors are characterized by ‘Tearfulness, timidity, and retreat, in the face of perceived danger,“ and these supernatural beings act as role models for the living Chewong, who are proud of their timidity, and among whom the old men tell tales of occasions when they have run away. Unfortunately, Thiamine-diphosphate kinase epidemiological psychiatry has not yet reached the Chewong, so we do not know whether this cultural endorsement of fearfulness is associated with an increase or decrease in clinical anxiety disorders. However, the Chewong are an exception to the social rule of concealment, of negative affect, and it seems likely that, on the whole, culture has facilitated the evolution of the capacity for concealment. Communication of negative affect to friends and allies Even among nonhuman primates, and more so among humans, the result of social competition depends on friends and allies, usually close kin. The signals of submission directed at rivals are not directed to allies.